Sandbox Integration

Sandbox integration adds another level to sandbox inspection, allowing you allows you to set up automatic actions to protect your network from files FortiSandbox determines are malicious. These actions include:

receiving AntiVirus signature updates from FortiSandbox, adding the originating URL of any malicious file to a blocked URL list, and extending sandbox scanning to FortiClient devices.

Overview

FortiSandbox integration involves three different FortiGate security profiles: AntiVirus, Web Filtering, and FortiClient Profiles.

A FortiGate can retrieve scan results and details from FortiSandbox, and also receive antivirus and web filtering signatures to supplement the current signature database. When FortiGate learns from FortiSandbox that an endpoint is infected, the administrator can push instruction for self-quarantine on a registered FortiClient host.

When integrated with a FortiGate unit, the following protocols are supported by FortiSandbox: HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, FTPS, POP3, POP3S, IMAP, IMAPS, SMTPS, MAPI, MAPIS, SMB, and supported IM protocols.

AntiVirus

When FortiSandbox discovers a malicious file, it can create an AntiVirus signature for that file and add that signature to both the local FortiGate malware database and the FortiGuard AntiVirus signature database. Through FortiSandbox integration, this signature can be sent to a FortiGate to block the file from re-entering the network and to prevent the future retransmission of that file to FortiSandbox.

Use of the FortiSandbox AntiVirus database is enabled in an AntiVirus profile, found at Security Profiles > AntiVirus. It can also be configured using the following CLI commands:

config antivirus profile edit <profile> set analytics-db enable

end

Web Filtering

FortiSandbox integration can also be used to allow FortiSandbox to add a URL filter blocking the source of a discovered malicious file to the FortiGate’s blocked URL list.

Blocking malicious URLs discovered by FortiSandbox is enabled in a Web Filter profile, found at Security Profiles > Web Filter. It can also be configured using the following CLI commands:

config webfilter profile edit <profile> config web

set blacklist enable

end

FortiClient Profiles

When extended FortiSandbox scanning is enabled for FortiClient, files downloaded by FortiClient can be sent to the FortiSandbox for inspection. Also, if a suspicious file is discovered, FortiClient can be configured to wait until sandbox inspection is complete before allowing that file to be accessed.

AntiVirus signatures can also be pushed by the FortiGate to FortiClient.

If a FortiClient device attempts to download a file that FortiSandbox discovers is malicious, the FortiSandbox notifies the FortiGate. The administrator can take action to quarantine the device. When a quarantine is in effect, FortiClient cuts off other network traffic from the device directly, preventing it from infecting or scanning the local network. When a device is under quarantine, FortiClient cannot be shutdown or uninstalled. A user is also unable to unregister from the FortiGate that quarantined them, or register to another FortiGate unit. A quarantine can only be lifted by the administrator of the FortiGate where the FortiClient device is registered.

Extending FortiSandbox scanning can by configured in the Security settings of a FortiClient Profile, found at Security Profiles > FortiClient Compliance Profiles. It can also be configured using the following CLI commands:

config endpoint-control profile edit <profile> config forticlient-winmac-settings set forticlient-av enable set av-realtime-protection enable set sandbox-analysis enable set sandbox-address <address>

end

Extending FortiSandbox scanning can also be configured directly in the FortiClient AntiVirus settings. If you are using FortiClient version 5.6+, the Sandbox Detection feature can be used to send files to FortiSandbox for analysis without having to install the AntiVirus feature. See the FortiClient 5.6 Administration Guide for details.

The number of files sent from a single device to FortiSandbox can be limited by configuring the submission limit on the FortiSandbox. This allows users to prioritize which devices get the greater share of FortiSandbox resources.

Example Configuration

The following example configuration sets up FortiSandbox integration using AntiVirus, Web Filtering, and a FortiClient profile. This configuration assumes that a connection has already been established between the FortiSandbox Appliance and the FortiGate.

1. Go to Security Fabric > Settings and confirm that Sandbox Inspection is enabled and the FortiSandbox Appliance is connected.
2. Go to Security Profiles > AntiVirus and edit the default profile. Under Inspection Options, select All Supported Files to be sent for inspection and enable Use FortiSandbox Database. You have the option of withholding files by name or pattern. Select Apply.
3. Go to Security Profiles > Web Filter and edit the default profile. Under Static URL Filter, enable Block malicious URLS discovered by FortiSandbox. Select Apply.
4. Go to Security Profiles > FortiClient Compliance Profiles and edit the default profile. Under Security Posture Check, enable Realtime Protection. Next, enable Scan with FortiSandbox. Select Apply.
5. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and view the policy list. If a policy has AntiVirus and Web Filtering profiles scanning applied, the profiles will be listed in the Security Profiles If scanning needs to be added to any security policy (excluding the Implicit Deny policy) select the + button in the Security Profiles column for that policy, then select the default AntiVirus Profile, the default Web Filter Profile, the appropriate Proxy Options, and select the deep-inspection profile for SSL/SSH Inspection (to ensure that encrypted traffic is inspected).
6. Select OK.

Results

If your FortiGate discovers a suspicious file, it will be sent to the FortiSandbox. To view information about the files that have been sent on the FortiGate, go to FortiView > FortiSandbox to see a list of file names and current status.

To view results on the FortiSandbox, go to the Dashboardand view the Scanning Statistics widget. There may be a delay before results appear on the FortiSandbox.

Open FortiClient using a Windows PC on the internal network. Make sure it is registered to your FortiGate. Go to the AntiVirus tab and open Settings. You will see that the Realtime Protection settings match the FortiClient profile configured on the FortiGate. These settings cannot be changed using FortiClient.

If a PC running FortiClient downloads a suspicious file that the FortiSandbox determined was malicious, a quarantine would be applied automatically. While the quarantine is in effect, FortiClient cannot be shutdown on the PC. It can not be uninstalled or unregistered from the FortiGate. The quarantine can only be released from the FortiClient Monitor on the FortiGate.

Sandbox Inspection FAQ

The following are some frequently asked questions about using sandbox inspection with FortiSandbox and FortiGate.

Why is the FortiSandbox Cloud option not available when sandbox inspection is enabled?

This option is only available if you have already created a FortiCloud account. For more information, see the FortiCloud documentation.

Why don’t results from FortiSandbox Cloud appear in the FortiGate GUI?

Go to Log & Report > Log Settings and make sure Send Logs to FortiCloud is enabled and GUI Preferences is set to Display Logs from FortiCloud.

Why are the FortiSandbox Appliance VMs inactive?

Make sure that port 3 on the FortiSandbox has an active Internet connection. This is required in order to active the FortiSandbox VMs.

Why aren’t files are being scanned by FortiSandbox?

Make sure an AntiVirus profile that sends files to FortiSandbox is enabled for all policies that require sandbox inspection.

Is FortiSandbox supported by FortiGate when in NAT or Transparent mode?

Yes, both NAT and Transparent mode are supported.

Are FortiGates behind a NAT device supported? If so how many?

Yes, multiple FortiGates can be supported in-line with FortiSandbox. Currently, there is a limitation where the FortiSandbox will see all FortiGates only as one device so there is no way to differentiate reports but all material will be sent.

If the FortiGate has a dynamic IP, will the FortiSandbox automatically update the FortiGate?

Yes. Dynamic IPs are supported and the FortiGate will not have to be reconfigured on the FortiSandbox each time.

Introduction

The following is covered in this documentation section

IPsec VPN concepts explains the basic concepts that you need to understand about virtual private networks (VPNs).

IPsec VPN overview provides a brief overview of IPsec technology and includes general information about how to configure IPsec VPNs using this guide.

IPsec VPN in the web-based manager describes the IPsec VPN menu of the web-based manager interface.

Gateway-to-gateway configurations explains how to set up a basic gateway-to-gateway (site-to-site) IPsec VPN. In a gateway-to-gateway configuration, two FortiGate units create a VPN tunnel between two separate private networks.

Hub-and-spoke configurations describes how to set up hub-and-spoke IPsec VPNs. In a hub-and-spoke configuration, connections to a number of remote peers and/or clients radiate from a single, central FortiGate hub.

Dynamic DNS configuration describes how to configure a site-to-site VPN, in which one FortiGate unit has a static IP address and the other FortiGate unit has a dynamic IP address and a domain name.

FortiClient dialup-client configurations guides you through configuring a FortiClient dialup-client IPsec VPN. In a FortiClient dialup-client configuration, the FortiGate unit acts as a dialup server and VPN client functionality is provided by the FortiClient Endpoint Security application installed on a remote host.

FortiGate dialup-client configurations explains how to set up a FortiGate dialup-client IPsec VPN. In a FortiGate dialup-client configuration, a FortiGate unit with a static IP address acts as a dialup server and a FortiGate unit with a dynamic IP address initiates a VPN tunnel with the FortiGate dialup server.

Supporting IKE Mode config clients explains how to set up a FortiGate unit as either an IKE Mode Config server or client. IKE Mode Config is an alternative to DHCP over IPsec.

Internet-browsing configuration explains how to support secure web browsing performed by dialup VPN clients, and hosts behind a remote VPN peer. Remote users can access the private network behind the local FortiGate unit and browse the Internet securely. All traffic generated remotely is subject to the security policy that controls traffic on the private network behind the local FortiGate unit.

Redundant VPN configurations discusses the options for supporting redundant and partially redundant tunnels in an IPsec VPN configuration. A FortiGate unit can be configured to support redundant tunnels to the same remote peer if the FortiGate unit has more than one interface to the Internet.

Transparent mode VPNs describes two FortiGate units that create a VPN tunnel between two separate private networks transparently. In transparent mode, all FortiGate unit interfaces except the management interface are invisible at the network layer.

IPv6 IPsec VPNs describes FortiGate unit VPN capabilities for networks based on IPv6 addressing. This includes IPv4-over-IPv6 and IPv6-over-IPv4 tunnelling configurations. IPv6 IPsec VPNs are available in FortiOS 3.0 MR5 and later.

L2TP and IPsec (Microsoft VPN) explains how to support Microsoft Windows native VPN clients.

GRE over IPsec (Cisco VPN) explains how to interoperate with Cisco VPNs that use Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) protocol with IPsec.

Protecting OSPF with IPsec provides an example of protecting OSPF links with IPsec.

Redundant OSPF routing over IPsec provides an example of redundant secure communication between two remote networks using an OSPF VPN connection.

OSPF over dynamic IPsec provides an example of how to create a dynamic IPsec VPN tunnel that allows OSPF.

BGP over dynamic IPsec provides an example of how to create a dynamic IPsec VPN tunnel that allows BGP.

Phase 1 parameters provides detailed step-by-step procedures for configuring a FortiGate unit to accept a connection from a remote peer or dialup client. The basic Phase 1 parameters identify the remote peer or clients and support authentication through preshared keys or digital certificates. You can increase VPN connection security further using methods such as extended authentication (XAuth).

Phase 2 parameters provides detailed step-by-step procedures for configuring an IPsec VPN tunnel. During Phase 2, the specific IPsec security associations needed to implement security services are selected and a tunnel is established.

Defining VPN security policies explains how to specify the source and destination IP addresses of traffic transmitted through an IPsec VPN tunnel, and how to define a security encryption policy. Security policies control all IP traffic passing between a source address and a destination address.

Logging and monitoring and Troubleshooting provide VPN monitoring and troubleshooting procedures.

IPsec VPN concepts

Virtual Private Network (VPN) technology enables remote users to connect to private computer networks to gain access to their resources in a secure way. For example, an employee traveling or working from home can use a VPN to securely access the office network through the Internet.

Instead of remotely logging on to a private network using an unencrypted and unsecure Internet connection, the use of a VPN ensures that unauthorized parties cannot access the office network and cannot intercept any of the information that is exchanged between the employee and the office. It is also common to use a VPN to connect the private networks of two or more offices.

Fortinet offers VPN capabilities in the FortiGate Unified Threat Management (UTM) appliance and in the

FortiClient Endpoint Security suite of applications. A FortiGate unit can be installed on a private network, and FortiClient software can be installed on the user’s computer. It is also possible to use a FortiGate unit to connect to the private network instead of using FortiClient software.

This chapter discusses VPN terms and concepts including:

VPN tunnels

VPN gateways

Clients, servers, and peers

Encryption

Authentication

Phase 1 and Phase 2 settings

IKE and IPsec packet processing

VPN tunnels

The data path between a user’s computer and a private network through a VPN is referred to as a tunnel. Like a physical tunnel, the data path is accessible only at both ends. In the telecommuting scenario, the tunnel runs between the FortiClient application on the user’s PC, or a FortiGate unit or other network device and the FortiGate unit on the office private network.

Encapsulation makes this possible. IPsec packets pass from one end of the tunnel to the other and contain data packets that are exchanged between the local user and the remote private network. Encryption of the data packets ensures that any third-party who intercepts the IPsec packets can not access the data.

VPN tunnels

Encoded data going through a VPN tunnel

You can create a VPN tunnel between:

• A PC equipped with the FortiClient application and a FortiGate unit l Two FortiGate units
• Third-party VPN software and a FortiGate unit

For more information on third-party VPN software, refer to the Fortinet Knowledge Base for more information.

Tunnel templates

Several tunnel templates are available in the IPsec VPN Wizard that cover a variety of different types of IPsec VPN. A list of these templates appear on the first page of the Wizard, located at VPN > IPsec Wizard. The tunnel template list follows.

IPsec VPN Wizard options

In FortiOS 5.6.4+, the first step of the VPN Creation Wizard (VPN > IPsec Wizard) delineates the Remote Device Type (for Remote Access templates) between Client-based and Native in order to distinguish FortiClient and Cisco device options from native OS device options.

VPN tunnel list

Once you create an IPsec VPN tunnel, it appears in the VPN tunnel list at VPN > IPsec Tunnels. By default, the tunnel list indicates the name of the tunnel, its interface binding, the tunnel template used, and the tunnel status. If you right-click on the table header row, you can include columns for comments, IKE version, mode (aggressive vs main), phase 2 proposals, and reference number. The tunnel list page also includes the option to create a new tunnel, as well as the options to edit or delete a highlighted tunnel.

FortiView VPN tunnel map

A geospatial map can be found under FortiView > VPN Map to help visualize IPsec (and SSL) VPN connections to a FortiGate using Google Maps. This feature adds a geographical-IP API service for resolving spatial locations from IP addresses.

IPsec VPN overview

This section provides a brief overview of IPsec technology and includes general information about how to configure IPsec VPNs using this guide.

The following topics are included in this section:

Types of VPNs

Planning your VPN

General preparation steps

How to use this guide to configure an IPsec VPN

VPN configurations interact with the firewall component of the FortiGate unit. There must be a security policy in place to permit traffic to pass between the private network and the VPN tunnel.

Security policies for VPNs specify:

• The FortiGate interface that provides the physical connection to the remote VPN gateway, usually an interface connected to the Internet
• The FortiGate interface that connects to the private network l IP addresses associated with data that has to be encrypted and decrypted l Optionally, a schedule that restricts when the VPN can operate l Optionally, the services (types of data) that can be sent

When the first packet of data that meets all of the conditions of the security policy arrives at the FortiGate unit, a VPN tunnel may be initiated and the encryption or decryption of data is performed automatically afterward. For more information, see Defining VPN security policies on page 1.

Where possible, you should create route-based VPNs. Generally, route-based VPNs are more flexible and easier to configure than policy-based VPNs — by default they are treated as interfaces. However, these two VPN types have different requirements that limit where they can be used.

Types of VPNs

FortiGate unit VPNs can be policy-based or route-based. There is little difference between the two types. In both cases, you specify Phase 1 and Phase 2 settings. However there is a difference in implementation. A route-based VPN creates a virtual IPsec network interface that applies encryption or decryption as needed to any traffic that it carries. That is why route-based VPNs are also known as interface-based VPNs. A policy-based VPN is implemented through a special security policy that applies the encryption you specified in the Phase 1 and Phase 2 settings.

Route-based VPNs

For a route-based VPN, you create two security policies between the virtual IPsec interface and the interface that connects to the private network. In one policy, the virtual interface is the source. In the other policy, the virtual interface is the destination. This creates bidirectional policies that ensure traffic will flow in both directions over the VPN.

A route-based VPN is also known as an interface-based VPN.

Each route-based IPsec VPN tunnel requires a virtual IPsec interface. As such, the amount of possible route-based IPsec VPNs is limited by the system.interface table size. The system.interface table size for most devices is 8192.

For a complete list of table sizes for all devices, refer to the Maximum Values table.

Policy-based VPNs

For a policy-based VPN, one security policy enables communication in both directions. You enable inbound and outbound traffic as needed within that policy, or create multiple policies of this type to handle different types of traffic differently. For example HTTPS traffic may not require the same level of scanning as FTP traffic.

A policy-based VPN is also known as a tunnel-mode VPN.

Comparing policy-based or route-based VPNs

For both VPN types you create Phase 1 and Phase 2 configurations. Both types are handled in the stateful inspection security layer, assuming there is no IPS or AV. For more information on the three security layers, see the FortiOS Troubleshooting guide.

The main difference is in the security policy.

You create a policy-based VPN by defining an IPSEC security policy between two network interfaces and associating it with the VPN tunnel (Phase 1) configuration.

You create a route-based VPN by creating a virtual IPsec interface. You then define a regular ACCEPT security policy to permit traffic to flow between the virtual IPsec interface and another network interface. And lastly, configure a static route to allow traffic over the VPN.

Where possible, you should create route-based VPNs. Generally, route-based VPNs are more flexible and easier to configure than policy-based VPNs — by default they are treated as interfaces. However, these two VPN types have different requirements that limit where they can be used.

Comparison of policy-based and route-based VPNs

IPsec VPN in the web-based manager

To configure an IPsec VPN, use the general procedure below. With these steps, your FortiGate unit will automatically generate unique IPsec encryption and authentication keys. If a remote VPN peer or client requires a specific IPsec encryption or authentication key, you must configure your FortiGate unit to use manual keys instead.

1. Define Phase 1 parameters to authenticate remote peers and clients for a secure connection. See IPsec VPN in the web-based manager on page 32.
2. Define Phase 2 parameters to create a VPN tunnel with a remote peer or dialup client. See IPsec VPN in the webbased manager on page 32.
3. Create a security policy to permit communication between your private network and the VPN. Policy-based VPNs have an action of IPSEC, where for interface-based VPNs the security policy action is ACCEPT. See Defining VPN security policies on page 1.

The FortiGate unit implements the Encapsulated Security Payload (ESP) protocol. Internet Key Exchange (IKE) is performed automatically based on pre-shared keys or X.509 digital certificates. Interface mode, supported in NAT mode only, creates a virtual interface for the local end of a VPN tunnel.

This chapter contains the following sections:

Phase 1 configuration

Phase 2 configuration

Concentrator

IPsec Monitor

Phase 1 configuration

To begin defining the Phase 1 configuration, go to VPN > IPsec Tunnels and select Create New. Enter a unique descriptive name for the VPN tunnel and follow the instructions in the VPN Creation Wizard.

The Phase 1 configuration mainly defines the ends of the IPsec tunnel. The remote end is the remote gateway with which the FortiGate unit exchanges IPsec packets. The local end is the FortiGate interface that sends and receives IPsec packets.

If you want to control how the IKE negotiation is processed when there is no traffic, as well as the length of time the FortiGate unit waits for negotiations to occur, you can use the negotiation-timeout and autonegotiate commands in the CLI.

Phase 1 advanced configuration settings

You can use the following advanced parameters to select the encryption and authentication algorithms that the FortiGate unit uses to generate keys for the IKE exchange. You can also use the following advanced parameters to ensure the smooth operation of Phase 1 negotiations.

These settings are mainly configured in the CLI, although some options are available after the tunnel is created using the VPN Creation Wizard (using the Convert to Custom Tunnel option).

If the FortiGate unit will act as a VPN client, and you are using security certificates for authentication, set the Local ID to the distinguished name (DN) of the local server certificate that the FortiGate unit will use for authentication purposes.

Note that, since FortiOS 5.4, an exact match is required to optimize IKE’s gateway search utilizing binary trees. However, it is also possible to have partial matching of ‘user.peer:cn’ to match peers to gateways by performing a secondary match. When IKE receives IDi of type ASN1.DN, the first search is done with the whole DN string. If none is found, IKE will extract just the CN attribute value and perform a second search.

Phase 1 parameters

This chapter provides detailed step-by-step procedures for configuring a FortiGate unit to accept a connection from a remote peer or dialup client. The Phase 1 parameters identify the remote peer or clients and supports authentication through preshared keys or digital certificates. You can increase access security further using peer identifiers, certificate distinguished names, group names, or the FortiGate extended authentication (XAuth) option for authentication purposes.

The information and procedures in this section do not apply to VPN peers that perform negotiations using manual keys.

The following topics are included in this section:

Overview

Defining the tunnel ends

Choosing Main mode or Aggressive mode

Choosing the IKE version

Authenticating the FortiGate unit

Authenticating remote peers and clients

Defining IKE negotiation parameters

Using XAuth authentication

Dynamic IPsec route control

Overview

To configure IPsec Phase 1 settings, go to VPN > IPsec Tunnels and edit the Phase 1 Proposal (if it is not available, you may need to click the Convert to Custom Tunnel button).

IPsec Phase 1 settings define:

• The remote and local ends of the IPsec tunnel l If Phase 1 parameters are exchanged in multiple rounds with encrypted authentication information (main mode) or in a single message with authentication information that is not encrypted (aggressive mode)
• If a preshared key or digital certificates will be used to authenticate the FortiGate unit to the VPN peer or dialup client
• If the VPN peer or dialup client is required to authenticate to the FortiGate unit. A remote peer or dialup client can authenticate by peer ID or, if the FortiGate unit authenticates by certificate, it can authenticate by peer certificate. l The IKE negotiation proposals for encryption and authentication
• Optional XAuth authentication, which requires the remote user to enter a user name and password. A FortiGate VPN server can act as an XAuth server to authenticate dialup users. A FortiGate unit that is a dialup client can also be configured as an XAuth client to authenticate itself to the VPN server.

For all the Phase 1 web-based manager fields, see IPsec VPN in the web-based manager on page 32.

Defining the tunnel ends

To begin defining the Phase 1 configuration, go to VPN > IPsec Tunnels and select Create New. Enter a unique descriptive name for the VPN tunnel and follow the instructions in the VPN Creation Wizard.

The Phase 1 configuration mainly defines the ends of the IPsec tunnel. The remote end is the remote gateway with which the FortiGate unit exchanges IPsec packets. The local end is the FortiGate interface that sends and receives IPsec packets.

The remote gateway can be:

l A static IP address l A domain name with a dynamic IP address l A dialup client

A statically addressed remote gateway is the simplest to configure. You specify the IP address. Unless restricted in the security policy, either the remote peer or a peer on the network behind the FortiGate unit can bring up the tunnel.

If the remote peer has a domain name and subscribes to a dynamic DNS service, you need to specify only the domain name. The FortiGate unit performs a DNS query to determine the appropriate IP address. Unless restricted in the security policy, either the remote peer or a peer on the network behind the FortiGate unit can bring up the tunnel.

If the remote peer is a dialup client, only the dialup client can bring up the tunnel. The IP address of the client is not known until it connects to the FortiGate unit. This configuration is a typical way to provide a VPN for client PCs running VPN client software such as the FortiClient Endpoint Security application.

The local end of the VPN tunnel, the Local Interface, is the FortiGate interface that sends and receives the IPsec packets. This is usually the public interface of the FortiGate unit that is connected to the Internet (typically the WAN1 port). Packets from this interface pass to the private network through a security policy.

By default, the local VPN gateway is the IP address of the selected Local Interface. If you are configuring an interface mode VPN, you can optionally use a secondary IP address of the Local Interface as the local gateway.

Choosing Main mode or Aggressive mode

The FortiGate unit and the remote peer or dialup client exchange Phase 1 parameters in either Main mode or Aggressive mode. This choice does not apply if you use IKE version 2, which is available only for route-based configurations.

l In Main mode, the Phase 1 parameters are exchanged in multiple rounds with encrypted authentication information l In Aggressive mode, the Phase 1 parameters are exchanged in a single message with unencrypted authentication information.

Although Main mode is more secure, you must select Aggressive mode if there is more than one dialup Phase 1 configuration for the interface IP address, and the remote VPN peer or client is authenticated using an identifier local ID. Aggressive mode might not be as secure as Main mode, but the advantage to Aggressive mode is that it Choosing the IKE version

is faster than Main mode (since fewer packets are exchanged). Aggressive mode is typically used for remote access VPNs. But you would also use aggressive mode if one or both peers have dynamic external IP addresses. Descriptions of the peer options in this guide indicate whether Main or Aggressive mode is required.

Phase 2 parameters

This section describes the Phase 2 parameters that are required to establish communication through a VPN.

The following topics are included in this section:

Phase 2 settings

Configuring the Phase 2 parameters

Phase 2 settings

After IPsec VPN Phase 1 negotiations complete successfully, Phase 2 negotiation begins. Phase 2 parameters define the algorithms that the FortiGate unit can use to encrypt and transfer data for the remainder of the session. The basic Phase 2 settings associate IPsec Phase 2 parameters with a Phase 1 configuration.

When defining Phase 2 parameters, you can choose any set of Phase 1 parameters to set up a secure connection and authenticate the remote peer.

For more information on Phase 2 settings in the web-based manager, see IPsec VPN in the web-based manager on page 32.

The information and procedures in this section do not apply to VPN peers that perform negotiations using manual keys.

Phase 2 proposals

In Phase 2, the VPN peer or client and the FortiGate unit exchange keys again to establish a secure communication channel. The Phase 2 Proposal parameters select the encryption and authentication algorithms needed to generate keys for protecting the implementation details of Security Associations (SAs). The keys are generated automatically using a Diffie-Hellman algorithm.

Replay detection

IPsec tunnels can be vulnerable to replay attacks. Replay Detection enables the FortiGate unit to check all IPsec packets to see if they have been received before. If any encrypted packets arrive out of order, the FortiGate unit discards them.

IKE/IPsec Extended Sequence Number (ESN) support

64-bit Extended Sequence numbers (as described in RFC 4303, RFC 4304 as an addition to IKEv1, and RFC 5996 for IKEv2.) are supported for IPsec when Replay Detection is enabled.

Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS)

By default, Phase 2 keys are derived from the session key created in Phase 1. Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS) forces a new Diffie-Hellman exchange when the tunnel starts and whenever the Phase 2 keylife expires, causing a new key to be generated each time. This exchange ensures that the keys created in Phase 2 are unrelated to the Phase 1 keys or any other keys generated automatically in Phase 2.

Phase 2 settings

Keylife

The Keylife setting sets a limit on the length of time that a Phase 2 key can be used. The default units are seconds. Alternatively, you can set a limit on the number of kilobytes (KB) of processed data, or both. If you select both, the key expires when either the time has passed or the number of KB have been processed. When the Phase 2 key expires, a new key is generated without interrupting service.

Quick mode selectors

Quick mode selectors determine which IP addresses can perform IKE negotiations to establish a tunnel. By only allowing authorized IP addresses access to the VPN tunnel, the network is more secure.

The default settings are as broad as possible: any IP address or configured address object, using any protocol, on any port.

While the drop down menus for specifying an address also show address groups, the use of address groups may not be supported on a remote endpoint device that is not a FortiGate.

The address groups are at the bottom of the list to make it easy to distinguish between addresses and address groups.

When configuring Quick Mode selector Source address and Destination address, valid options include IPv4 and IPv6 single addresses, IPv4 subnet, or IPv6 subnet. For more information on IPv6 IPsec VPN, see Overview of IPv6 IPsec support on page 1.

There are some configurations that require specific selectors:

• The VPN peer is a third-party device that uses specific phase2 selectors.
• The FortiGate unit connects as a dialup client to another FortiGate unit, in which case (usually) you must specify a source IP address, IP address range, or subnet. However, this is not required if you are using dynamic routing and mode-cfg.

With FortiOS VPNs, your network has multiple layers of security, with quick mode selectors being an important line of defence.

• Routes guide traffic from one IP address to another.
• Phase 1 and Phase 2 connection settings ensure there is a valid remote end point for the VPN tunnel that agrees on the encryption and parameters.
• Quick mode selectors allow IKE negotiations only for allowed peers. l Security policies control which IP addresses can connect to the VPN. l Security policies also control what protocols are allowed over the VPN along with any bandwidth limiting.

FortiOS is limited with IKEv2 selector matching. When using IKEv2 with a named traffic selector, no more than 32 subnets per traffic selector are added, since FortiOS doesn’t fully implement the IKEv2 selector matching rules.

The workaround is to use multiple Phase 2s. If the configuration is FGT <-> FGT, then the better alternative is to just use 0.0.0.0 <-> 0.0.0.0 and use the firewall policy for enforcement.

Using the add-route option

Consider using the add-route option to add a route to a peer destination selector. Phase 2 includes the option of allowing the add-route to automatically match the settings in Phase 1. For more information, refer to Phase 1 parameters on page 46.

Syntax

Phase 2

config vpn ipsec {phase2 | phase2-interface} edit <name> set add-route {phase1 | enable | disable}

end

end

Configuring the Phase 2 parameters

If you are creating a hub-and-spoke configuration or an Internet-browsing configuration, you may have already started defining some of the required Phase 2 parameters. If so, edit the existing definition to complete the configuration.

Specifying the Phase 2 parameters

1. Go to VPN > IPsec Tunnels and create the new custom tunnel or edit an existing tunnel.
2. Open the Phase 2 Selectors panel (if it is not available, you may need to click the Convert to Custom Tunnel button).
3. Enter a Name for the Phase 2 configuration, and select a Phase 1 configuration from the drop-down list.
4. Select Advanced.
5. Include the appropriate entries as follows:

Autokey Keep Alive

The Phase 2 SA has a fixed duration. If there is traffic on the VPN as the SA nears expiry, a new SA is negotiated and the VPN switches to the new SA without interruption. If there is no traffic, however, the SA expires (by default) and the VPN tunnel goes down. A new SA will not be generated until there is traffic.

The Autokey Keep Alive option ensures that a new Phase 2 SA is negotiated, even if there is no traffic, so that the VPN tunnel stays up.

Auto-negotiate

By default, the Phase 2 security association (SA) is not negotiated until a peer attempts to send data. The triggering packet and some subsequent packets are dropped until the SA is established. Applications normally resend this data, so there is no loss, but there might be a noticeable delay in response to the user.

If the tunnel goes down, the auto-negotiate feature (when enabled) attempts to re-establish the tunnel. Autonegotiate initiates the Phase 2 SA negotiation automatically, repeating every five seconds until the SA is established.

Automatically establishing the SA can be important for a dialup peer. It ensures that the VPN tunnel is available for peers at the server end to initiate traffic to the dialup peer. Otherwise, the VPN tunnel does not exist until the dialup peer initiates traffic.

The auto-negotiate feature is available through the Command Line Interface (CLI) via the following commands:

config vpn ipsec phase2 edit <phase2_name> set auto-negotiate enable

end

Installing dynamic selectors via auto-negotiate

The IPsec SA connect message generated is used to install dynamic selectors. These selectors can now be installed via the auto-negotiate mechanism. When phase 2 has auto-negotiate enabled, and phase 1 has meshselector-type set to subnet, a new dynamic selector will be installed for each combination of source and destination subnets. Each dynamic selector will inherit the auto-negotiate option from the template selector and begin SA negotiation. Phase 2 selector sources from dial-up clients will all establish SAs without traffic being initiated from the client subnets to the hub.

DHCP-IPsec

Select this option if the FortiGate unit assigns VIP addresses to FortiClient dialup clients through a DHCP server or relay. This option is available only if the Remote Gateway in the Phase 1 configuration is set to Dialup User and it works only on policy-based VPNs.

With the DHCP-IPsec option, the FortiGate dialup server acts as a proxy for FortiClient dialup clients that have VIP addresses on the subnet of the private network behind the FortiGate unit. In this case, the FortiGate dialup server acts as a proxy on the local private network for the FortiClient dialup client. A host on the network behind the dialup server issues an ARP request, corresponding to the device MAC address of the FortiClient host (when a remote server sends an ARP to the local FortiClient dialup client). The FortiGate unit then answers the ARP request on behalf of the FortiClient host, and forwards the associated traffic to the FortiClient host through the tunnel.

Acting as a proxy prevents the VIP address assigned to the FortiClient dialup client from causing possible ARP broadcast problems — the normal and VIP addresses can confuse some network switches by two addresses having the same MAC address.

IPsec support for ChaCha20/Poly1305 AEAD cipher

In IKEv2, to support RFC 7634, crypto algorithms ChaCha20 and Poly1305 can be used together as a combined mode AEAD cipher (like aes-gcm) in the new crypto_ftnt cipher in cipher_chacha20poly1305.c.

Syntax

config vpn ipsec phase2-interface edit <name> set phase1name <name> set proposal chacha20poly1305

next

end

IPsec support for AES-GCM for IKEv2 Phase 1

In IKEv2, to support RFC 5282, AEAD algorithm AES-GCM is now supported, both 128 and 256-bit variants.

Syntax

config vpn ipsec phase2-interface edit <name> set phase1name <name> set proposal [aes128gcm | aes256gcm]

next end

Defining VPN security policies

This section explains how to specify the source and destination IP addresses of traffic transmitted through an IPsec VPN, and how to define appropriate security policies.

The following topics are included in this section:

Defining policy addresses

Defining security policies for policy-based and route-based VPNs

Defining policy addresses

A VPN tunnel has two end points. These end points may be VPN peers such as two FortiGate gateways. Encrypted packets are transmitted between the end points. At each end of the VPN tunnel, a VPN peer intercepts encrypted packets, decrypts the packets, and forwards the decrypted IP packets to the intended destination.

You need to define firewall addresses for the private networks behind each peer. You will use these addresses as the source or destination address depending on the security policy.

policy addresses

Example topology for the following policies

In general:

• In a gateway-to-gateway, hub-and-spoke, dynamic DNS, redundant-tunnel, or transparent configuration, you need to define a policy address for the private IP address of the network behind the remote VPN peer (for example, 168.10.0/255.255.255.0 or 192.168.10.0/24).
• In a peer-to-peer configuration, you need to define a policy address for the private IP address of a server or host behind the remote VPN peer (for example, 16.5.1/255.255.255.255 or 172.16.5.1/32 or 172.16.5.1).

For a FortiGate dialup server in a dialup-client or Internet-browsing configuration:

• If you are not using VIP addresses, or if the FortiGate dialup server assigns VIP addresses to FortiClient dialup clients through FortiGate DHCP relay, select the predefined destination address “all” in the security policy to refer to the dialup clients.
• If you assign VIP addresses to FortiClient dialup clients manually, you need to define a policy address for the VIP address assigned to the dialup client (for example, 254.254.1/32), or a subnet address from which the VIP addresses are assigned (for example, 10.254.254.0/24 or 10.254.254.0/255.255.255.0).
• For a FortiGate dialup client in a dialup-client or Internet-browsing configuration, you need to define a policy address for the private IP address of a host, server, or network behind the FortiGate dialup server.

Defining a security IP address

1. Go to Policy & Objects > Addresses and select Create New.
2. In the Name field, type a descriptive name that represents the network, server(s), or host(s).
3. In Type, select Subnet.
4. In the Subnet/IP Range field, type the corresponding IP address and subnet mask.

For a subnet you could use the format 172.16.5.0/24 or its equivalent 172.16.5.0/255.255.255.0. For a server or host it would likely be 172.16.5.1/32. Alternately you can use an IP address range such as 192.168.10.[80-100] or 192.168.10.80-192.168.10.100.

5. Select OK.

Defining security policies for policy-based and route-based VPNs

Security policies allow IP traffic to pass between interfaces on a FortiGate unit. You can limit communication to particular traffic by specifying source address and destination addresses. Then only traffic from those addresses will be allowed.

Policy-based and route-based VPNs require different security policies.

• A policy-based VPN requires an IPsec security policy. You specify the interface to the private network, the interface to the remote peer and the VPN tunnel. A single policy can enable traffic inbound, outbound, or in both directions.
• A route-based VPN requires an Accept security policy for each direction. As source and destination interfaces, you specify the interface to the private network and the virtual IPsec interface (Phase 1 configuration) of the VPN. The IPsec interface is the destination interface for the outbound policy and the source interface for the inbound policy. One security policy must be configured for each direction of each VPN interface.

There are examples of security policies for both policy-based and route-based VPNs throughout this guide. See Route-based or policy-based VPN on page 117.

If the security policy, which grants the VPN Connection is limited to certain services,

DHCP must be included, otherwise the client won’t be able to retrieve a lease from the FortiGate’s (IPsec) DHCP server, because the DHCP Request (coming out of the tunnel) will be blocked.

Policy-based VPN

An IPsec security policy enables the transmission and reception of encrypted packets, specifies the permitted direction of VPN traffic, and selects the VPN tunnel. In most cases, a single policy is needed to control both inbound and outbound IP traffic through a VPN tunnel. Be aware of the following considerations below before creating an IPsec security policy.

Allow traffic to be initiated from the remote site

Security policies specify which IP addresses can initiate a tunnel. By default, traffic from the local private network initiates the tunnel. When the Allow traffic to be initiated form the remote site option is selected, traffic from a dialup client, or a computer on a remote network, initiates the tunnel. Both can be enabled at the same time for bi-directional initiation of the tunnel.

Outbound and inbound NAT

When a FortiGate unit operates in NAT mode, you can also enable inbound or outbound NAT. Outbound NAT may be performed on outbound encrypted packets or IP packets in order to change their source address before they are sent through the tunnel. Inbound NAT is performed to intercept and decrypt emerging IP packets from the tunnel.

By default, these options are not selected in security policies and can only be set through the CLI. For more information on this, see the “config firewall” chapter of the FortiGate CLI Reference.

Source and destination addresses

Most security policies control outbound IP traffic. A VPN outbound policy usually has a source address originating on the private network behind the local FortiGate unit, and a destination address belonging to a dialup VPN client or a network behind the remote VPN peer. The source address that you choose for the security policy identifies from where outbound cleartext IP packets may originate, and also defines the local IP address or addresses that a remote server or client will be allowed to access through the VPN tunnel. The destination address that you choose identifies where IP packets must be forwarded after they are decrypted at the far end of the tunnel, and determines the IP address or addresses that the local network will be able to access at the far end of the tunnel.

Enabling other policy features

You can fine-tune a policy for services such as HTTP, FTP, and POP3, enable logging, traffic shaping, antivirus protection, web filtering, email filtering, file transfer, email services, and optionally allow connections according to a predefined schedule.

As an option, differentiated services (diffserv or DSCP) for the security policy can be enabled through the CLI. For more information on this feature, see the Traffic Shaping handbook chapter, or the “firewall” chapter of the FortiGate CLI Reference.

Before you begin

Before you define the IPsec policy, you must:

l Define the IP source and destination addresses. See Defining policy addresses on page 72. l Specify the Phase 1 authentication parameters. See Phase 1 parameters on page 46. l Specify the Phase 2 parameters. See Phase 2 parameters on page 66.

Defining an IPsec security policy

1. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy.
2. Select Create New and set the following options:

3. You may enable UTM features, and/or event logging, or select advanced settings to authenticate a user group, or shape traffic. For more information, see the Firewall handbook chapter.
4. Select OK.
5. Place the policy in the policy list above any other policies having similar source and destination addresses.

Defining multiple IPsec policies for the same tunnel

You must define at least one IPsec policy for each VPN tunnel. If the same remote server or client requires access to more than one network behind a local FortiGate unit, the FortiGate unit must be configured with an IPsec policy for each network. Multiple policies may be required to configure redundant connections to a remote destination or control access to different services at different times.

To ensure a secure connection, the FortiGate unit must evaluate policies with Action set to IPsec before

ACCEPT and DENY. Because the FortiGate unit reads policies starting at the top of the list, you must move all IPsec policies to the top of the list, and be sure to reorder your multiple IPsec policies that apply to the tunnel so that specific constraints can be evaluated before general constraints.

Adding multiple IPsec policies for the same VPN tunnel can cause conflicts if the policies specify similar source and destination addresses, but have different settings for the same service. When policies overlap in this manner, the system may apply the wrong IPsec policy or the tunnel may fail.

For example, if you create two equivalent IPsec policies for two different tunnels, it does not matter which one comes first in the list of IPsec policies — the system will select the correct policy based on the specified source and destination addresses. If you create two different IPsec policies for the same tunnel (that is, the two policies treat traffic differently depending on the nature of the connection request), you might have to reorder the IPsec policies to ensure that the system selects the correct IPsec policy.

Route-based VPN

When you define a route-based VPN, you create a virtual IPsec interface on the physical interface that connects to the remote peer. You create ordinary Accept security policies to enable traffic between the IPsec interface and the interface that connects to the private network. This makes configuration simpler than for policy-based VPNs, which require IPsec security policies.

security policies for policy-based and route-based VPNs

Defining security policies for a route-based VPN

1. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy.
2. Select Create New and define an ACCEPT security policy to permit communication between the local private network and the private network behind the remote peer. Enter these settings in particular:

To permit the remote client to initiate communication, you need to define a security policy for communication in that direction.

3. Select Create New and enter these settings in particular:

Gateway-to-gateway

This section explains how to set up a basic gateway-to-gateway (site-to-site) IPsec VPN.

The following topics are included in this section:

Configuration overview

Gateway-to-gateway configuration

How to work with overlapping subnets Testing

Configuration overview

In a gateway-to-gateway configuration, two FortiGate units create a VPN tunnel between two separate private networks. All traffic between the two networks is encrypted and protected by FortiGate security policies.

Example gateway-to-gateway configuration

In some cases, computers on the private network behind one VPN peer may (by co-incidence) have IP addresses that are already used by computers on the network behind the other VPN peer. In this type of situation

(ambiguous routing), conflicts may occur in one or both of the FortiGate routing tables and traffic destined for the remote network through the tunnel may not be sent. To resolve issues related to ambiguous routing, see Configuration overview on page 78.

Configuration overview

In other cases, computers on the private network behind one VPN peer may obtain IP addresses from a local DHCP server. However, unless the local and remote networks use different private network address spaces, unintended ambiguous routing and/or IP-address overlap issues may arise. For a discussion of the related issues, see FortiGate dialup-client configurations on page 1.

Configuration overview

You can set up a fully meshed or partially meshed configuration (see below).

Fully meshed configuration

In a fully meshed network, all VPN peers are connected to each other, with one hop between peers. This topology is the most fault-tolerant: if one peer goes down, the rest of the network is not affected. This topology is difficult to scale because it requires connections between all peers. In addition, unnecessary communication can occur between peers. Best practices dictates a hub-and-spoke configuration instead.

Partially meshed configuration

A partially meshed network is similar to a fully meshed network, but instead of having tunnels between all peers, tunnels are only configured between peers that communicate with each other regularly.

Hub-and-spoke configurations

This section describes how to set up hub-and-spoke IPsec VPNs. The following topics are included in this section:

Configuration overview

Configure the hub

Configure the spokes

Dynamic spokes configuration example

Configuration overview

In a hub-and-spoke configuration, VPN connections radiate from a central FortiGate unit (the hub) to a number of remote peers (the spokes). Traffic can pass between private networks behind the hub and private networks behind the remote peers. Traffic can also pass between remote peer private networks through the hub.

Example hub-and-spoke configuration

The actual implementation varies in complexity depending on:

Configuration overview

l Whether the spokes are statically or dynamically addressed l The addressing scheme of the protected subnets l How peers are authenticated

This guide discusses the issues involved in configuring a hub-and-spoke VPN and provides some basic configuration examples.

Hub-and-spoke infrastructure requirements

• The FortiGate hub must be operating in NAT mode and have a static public IP address.
• Spokes may have static IP addresses, dynamic IP addresses (see FortiGate dialup-client configurations on page 137), or static domain names and dynamic IP addresses (see Dynamic DNS configuration on page 115).

Spoke gateway addressing

The public IP address of the spoke is the VPN remote gateway as seen from the hub. Statically addressed spokes each require a separate VPN Phase 1 configuration on the hub. When there are many spokes, this becomes rather cumbersome.

Using dynamic addressing for spokes simplifies the VPN configuration because then the hub requires only a single Phase 1 configuration with “dialup user” as the remote gateway. You can use this configuration even if the remote peers have static IP addresses. A remote peer can establish a VPN connection regardless of its IP address if its traffic selectors match and it can authenticate to the hub. See Configuration overview on page 94 for an example of this configuration.

Protected networks addressing

The addresses of the protected networks are needed to configure destination selectors and sometimes for security policies and static routes. The larger the number of spokes, the more addresses there are to manage. You can l Assign spoke subnets as part of a larger subnet, usually on a new network or

l Create address groups that contain all of the needed addresses

Using aggregated subnets

If you are creating a new network, where subnet IP addresses are not already assigned, you can simplify the VPN configuration by assigning spoke subnets that are part of a large subnet.

Aggregated subnets

All spokes use the large subnet address, 10.1.0.0/16 for example, as:

• The IPsec destination selector l The destination of the security policy from the private subnet to the VPN (required for policy-based VPN, optional for route-based VPN)
• The destination of the static route to the VPN (route-based)

Each spoke uses the address of its own protected subnet as the IPsec source selector and as the source address in its VPN security policy. The remote gateway is the public IP address of the hub FortiGate unit.

Using an address group

If you want to create a hub-and-spoke VPN between existing private networks, the subnet addressing usually does not fit the aggregated subnet model discussed earlier. All of the spokes and the hub will need to include the addresses of all the protected networks in their configuration.

On FortiGate units, you can define a named firewall address for each of the remote protected networks and add these addresses to a firewall address group. For a policy-based VPN, you can then use this address group as the destination of the VPN security policy.

For a route-based VPN, the destination of the VPN security policy can be set to All. You need to specify appropriate routes for each of the remote subnets.

Authentication

Authentication is by a common pre-shared key or by certificates. For simplicity, the examples in this chapter assume that all spokes use the same pre-shared key.

Configure the hub

At the FortiGate unit that acts as the hub, you need to:

hub

l Configure the VPN to each spoke l Configure communication between spokes

You configure communication between spokes differently for a policy-based VPN than for a route-based VPN. For a policy-based VPN, you configure a VPN concentrator. For a route-based VPN, you must either define security policies or group the IPsec interfaces into a zone.

Define the hub-spoke VPNs

Perform these steps at the FortiGate unit that will act as the hub. Although this procedure assumes that the spokes are all FortiGate units, a spoke could also be VPN client software, such as FortiClient Endpoint Security.

Configuring the VPN hub

1. At the hub, define the Phase 1 configuration for each spoke. See Phase 1 parameters on page 46. Enter these settings in particular:

2. Define the Phase 2 parameters needed to create a VPN tunnel with each spoke. See Phase 2 parameters on page 66. Enter these settings in particular:

IPsec VPN in ADVPN hub-and-spoke

IPsec VPN traffic is allowed through a tunnel between an ADVPN hub-and-spoke.

CLI syntax:

config vpn ipsec phase1-interface edit “int-fgtb” … set auto-discovery-sender [enable | disable] set auto-discovery-receiver [enable | disable] set auto-discovery-forwarder [enable | disable] …

next

end

config vpn ipsec phase2-interface edit “int-fgtb” …

set auto-discovery-sender phase1 [enable | disable] …

next

end

Define the hub-spoke security policies

1. Define a name for the address of the private network behind the hub. For more information, see Defining policy addresses on page 1.
2. Define names for the addresses or address ranges of the private networks behind the spokes. For more information, see Defining policy addresses on page 1.
3. Define the VPN concentrator. See To define the VPN concentrator on page 99.
4. Define security policies to permit communication between the hub and the spokes. For more information, see Defining VPN security policies on page 1.

Route-based VPN security policies

Define ACCEPT security policies to permit communications between the hub and the spoke. You need one policy for each direction.

Adding policies

1. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and select Create New.
2. Leave the Policy Type as Firewall and leave the Policy Subtype as Address.
3. Enter these settings in particular:

hub

Policy-based VPN security policy

Define an IPsec security policy to permit communications between the hub and the spoke.

Adding policies

1. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and select Create New.
2. Enter these settings in particular:

In the policy list, arrange the policies in the following order:

l IPsec policies that control traffic between the hub and the spokes first l The default security policy last

Configuring communication between spokes (policy-based VPN)

For a policy-based hub-and-spoke VPN, you define a concentrator to enable communication between the spokes.

To define the VPN concentrator

1. At the hub, go to VPN > IPsec Concentrator and select Create New.
2. In the Concentrator Name field, type a name to identify the concentrator.
3. From the Available Tunnels list, select a VPN tunnel and then select the right-pointing arrow.
4. Repeat Step 3 until all of the tunnels associated with the spokes are included in the concentrator.
5. Select OK.

Configuring communication between spokes (route-based VPN)

For a route-based hub-and-spoke VPN, there are several ways you can enable communication between the spokes:

l Put all of the IPsec interfaces into a zone and enable intra-zone traffic. This eliminates the need for any security policy for the VPN, but you cannot apply UTM features to scan the traffic for security threats. l Put all of the IPsec interfaces into a zone and create a single zone-to-zone security policy l Create a security policy for each pair of spokes that are allowed to communicate with each other. The number of policies required increases rapidly as the number of spokes increases.

Using a zone as a concentrator

A simple way to provide communication among all of the spokes is to create a zone and allow intra-zone communication. You cannot apply UTM features using this method.

1. Go to Network > Interfaces.
2. Select the down-arrow on the Create New button and select Zone.
3. In the Zone Name field, enter a name, such as Our_VPN_zone.
4. Clear Block intra-zone traffic.
5. In the Interface Members list, select the IPsec interfaces that are part of your VPN.
6. Select OK.

Using a zone with a policy as a concentrator

If you put all of the hub IPsec interfaces involved in the VPN into a zone, you can enable communication among all of the spokes and apply UTM features with just one security policy.

Creating a zone for the VPN

1. Go to Network > Interfaces.
2. Select the down-arrow on the Create New button and select Zone.
3. In the Zone Name field, enter a name, such as Our_VPN_zone.
4. Select Block intra-zone traffic.
5. In the Interface Members list, select the IPsec interfaces that are part of your VPN.
6. Select OK.

Creating a security policy for the zone

1. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and select Create New.
2. Leave the Policy Type as Firewall and leave the Policy Subtype as Address.
3. Enter the settings: and select OK.

spokes

Using security policies as a concentrator

To enable communication between two spokes, you need to define an ACCEPT security policy for them. To allow either spoke to initiate communication, you must create a policy for each direction. This procedure describes a security policy for communication from Spoke 1 to Spoke 2. Others are similar.

1. Define names for the addresses or address ranges of the private networks behind each spoke. For more information, see Defining policy addresses on page 1.
2. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and select Create New.
3. Leave the Policy Type as Firewall and leave the Policy Subtype as Address.
4. Enter the settings and select OK.

Configure the spokes

Although this procedure assumes that the spokes are all FortiGate units, a spoke could also be VPN client software, such as FortiClient Endpoint Security.

Perform these steps at each FortiGate unit that will act as a spoke.

Creating the Phase 1 and phase_2 configurations

1. At the spoke, define the Phase 1 parameters that the spoke will use to establish a secure connection with the hub.

See Phase 1 parameters on page 46. Enter these settings:

Configure the spokes

2. Create the Phase 2 tunnel definition. See Phase 2 parameters on page 66. Select the set of Phase 1 parameters that you defined for the hub. You can select the name of the hub from the Static IP Address part of the list.

Configuring security policies for hub-to-spoke communication

1. Create an address for this spoke. See Defining policy addresses on page 1. Enter the IP address and netmask of the private network behind the spoke.
2. Create an address to represent the hub. See Defining policy addresses on page 1. Enter the IP address and netmask of the private network behind the hub.
3. Define the security policy to enable communication with the hub.

Route-based VPN security policy

Define two security policies to permit communications to and from the hub.

1. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and select Create New.
2. Leave the Policy Type as Firewall and leave the Policy Subtype as Address.
3. Enter these settings:

Policy-based VPN security policy

Define an IPsec security policy to permit communications with the hub. See Defining VPN security policies on page 1.

1. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and select Create New.
2. Enter these settings in particular:

spokes

Configuring security policies for spoke-to-spoke communication

Each spoke requires security policies to enable communication with the other spokes. Instead of creating separate security policies for each spoke, you can create an address group that contains the addresses of the networks behind the other spokes. The security policy then applies to all of the spokes in the group.

1. Define destination addresses to represent the networks behind each of the other spokes. Add these addresses to an address group.
2. Define the security policy to enable communication between this spoke and the spokes in the address group you created.

Policy-based VPN security policy

Define an IPsec security policy to permit communications with the other spokes. See Defining VPN security policies on page 1. Enter these settings in particular:

Route-based VPN security policy

Define two security policies to permit communications to and from the other spokes.

1. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and select Create New.
2. Leave the Policy Type as Firewall and leave the Policy Subtype as Address.
3. Enter these settings in particular:

4. Select Create New, leave the Policy Type as Firewall and leave the Policy Subtype as Address, and enter these settings:

Policy-based VPN security policy

1. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and select Create New.
2. Enter the following:

Place this policy or policies in the policy list above any other policies having similar source and destination addresses.

Dynamic spokes configuration example

This example demonstrates how to set up a basic route-based hub-and-spoke IPsec VPN that uses preshared keys to authenticate VPN peers.

Example hub-and-spoke configuration

In the example configuration, the protected networks 10.1.0.0/24, 10.1.1.0/24 and 10.1.2.0/24 are all part of the larger subnet 10.1.0.0/16. The steps for setting up the example hub-and-spoke configuration create a VPN among Site 1, Site 2, and the HR Network.

The spokes are dialup. Their addresses are not part of the configuration on the hub, so only one spoke definition is required no matter the number of spokes. For simplicity, only two spokes are shown.

In an ADVPN topology, any two pair of peers can create a shortcut, as long as one of the devices is not behind NAT.

The on-the-wire format of the ADVPN messages use TLV encoding. Because of this, this feature is not compatible with any previous ADVPN builds.

Configure the hub (FortiGate_1)

The Phase 1 configuration defines the parameters that FortiGate_1 will use to authenticate spokes and establish secure connections.

For the purposes of this example, one preshared key will be used to authenticate all of the spokes. Each key must contain at least 6 printable characters and best practices dictates that it only be known by network administrators. For optimum protection against currently known attacks, each key must consist of a minimum of 16 randomly chosen alphanumeric characters.

Define the IPsec configuration

1. At FortiGate_1, go to VPN > IPsec Tunnels and create the new custom tunnel or edit an existing tunnel.
2. Edit the Phase 1 Proposal (if it is not available, you may need to click the Convert to Custom Tunnel button). Define the Phase 1 parameters that the hub will use to establish a secure connection to the spokes.

The basic Phase 2 settings associate IPsec Phase 2 parameters with the Phase 1 configuration and specify the remote end points of the VPN tunnels.

3. Open the Phase 2 Selectors panel (if it is not available, you may need to click the Convert to Custom Tunnel button).
4. Enter the following information, and select OK:

Define the security policies

security policies control all IP traffic passing between a source address and a destination address. For a routebased VPN, the policies are simpler than for a policy-based VPN. Instead of an IPSEC policy, you use an ACCEPT policy with the virtual IPsec interface as the external interface.

Before you define security policies, you must first define firewall addresses to use in those policies. You need addresses for:

• The HR network behind FortiGate_1
• The aggregate subnet address for the protected networks

Defining the IP address of the HR network behind FortiGate_1

1. Go to Policy & Objects > Addresses.
2. Select Create New, enter the following information, and select OK:

Specifying the IP address the aggregate protected subnet

1. Go to Policy & Objects > Addresses.
2. Select Create New, enter the following information, and select OK:

Defining the security policy for traffic from the hub to the spokes 1. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and select Create New,

2. Leave the Policy Type as Firewall and leave the Policy Subtype as Address.
3. Enter the following information, and select OK:

Place the policy in the policy list above any other policies having similar source and destination addresses.

Configure communication between spokes

Spokes communicate with each other through the hub. You need to configure the hub to allow this communication. An easy way to do this is to create a zone containing the virtual IPsec interfaces even if there is only one, and create a zone-to-zone security policy.

1. Go to Network > Interfaces.
2. Select the down-arrow on the Create New button and select Zone.
3. In the Zone Name field, enter a name, such as Our_VPN_zone.
4. Select Block intra-zone traffic.

You could enable intra-zone traffic and then you would not need to create a security policy. But, you would not be able to apply UTM features.

5. In Interface Members, select the virtual IPsec interface, toSpokes.
6. Select OK.

Creating a security policy for the zone

1. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and select Create New.
2. Leave the Policy Type as Firewall and leave the Policy Subtype as Address.
3. Enter these settings:

4. Select OK.

Configure the spokes

In this example, all spokes have nearly identical configuration, requiring the following:

• Phase 1 authentication parameters to initiate a connection with the hub. l Phase 2 tunnel creation parameters to establish a VPN tunnel with the hub.
• A source address that represents the network behind the spoke. This is the only part of the configuration that is different for each spoke.
• A destination address that represents the aggregate protected network. l A security policy to ena.ble communications between the spoke and the aggregate protected network

Define the IPsec configuration

At each spoke, create the following configuration.

1. At the spoke, go to VPN > IPsec Tunnels and create the new custom tunnel or edit an existing tunnel.
2. Edit the Phase 1 Proposal (if it is not available, you may need to click the Convert to Custom Tunnel button). Enter the following information:

1. Open the Phase 2 Selectors panel (if it is not available, you may need to click the Convert to Custom Tunnel button).
2. Enter the following information and select OK:

Define the security policies

You need to define firewall addresses for the spokes and the aggregate protected network and then create a security policy to enable communication between them.

Defining the IP address of the network behind the spoke

1. Go to Policy & Objects > Addresses.
2. Select Create New and enter the following information:

Specifying the IP address of the aggregate protected network

1. Go to Policy & Objects > Addresses.
2. Select Create New and enter the following information:

Defining the security policy

1. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and select Create New.
2. Leave the Policy Type as Firewall and leave the Policy Subtype as Address.
3. Enter the following information:

4. Select Create New.
5. Leave the Policy Type as Firewall and leave the Policy Subtype as Address.
6. Enter the following information, and select OK:

Place these policies in the policy list above any other policies having similar source and destination addresses.

One-Click VPN (OCVPN)

One-Click VPN (OCVPN) is a cloud-based solution that greatly simplifies the provisioning and configuration of IPsec VPN. The administrator enables OCVPN with a single click, adds the required subnets, and then the configuration is complete. The OCVPN updates each FortiGate automatically as devices join/leave the VPN, as subnets are added/removed, when dynamic external IPs change (e.g. DHCP/PPPoE), and when WAN interface bindings change (as in the dual WAN redundancy case).

Configuration changes and events are automatically propagated across participating nodes without user intervention, so in a sense, the VPN manages itself as a unit with only bare minimum user input. The user specifies which subnets to participate in the VPN. Everything else happens transparently to the user.

After registering devices with FortiCare, devices use SSL to register local subnets with the OCVPN cloud service at https://productapi.fortinet.com. The WAN IP is determined automatically (devices must use a publicly routed external WAN IP address) and the gateway IP address and participating subnets are uploaded to a cloud repository that collects and stores the information in each customer’s FortiCare account.

The following limitations apply to FortiOS OCVPN:

l The FortiGate must be registered with a valid FortiCare Support license. l Only full-mesh VPN configurations using PSK cryptography are supported. l Public IPs must be used (FortiGates behind NAT cannot participate). l Non-root VDOMs and FortiGate VMs are not supported. l Up to 16 nodes can be added to the OCVPN cloud, each with a maximum of 16 subnets.

OCVPN support for High Availability (HA)

As of 6.0.2, HA-enabled devices are now supported by OCVPN.

Prior to establishing the HA cluster, if OCVPN is in use then both devices should be registered to the

OCVPN cloud service. During failover, the old serial number is withdrawn and a new serial number (and VPN) is added, to account for the change in status.

Dynamic DNS configuration

This section describes how to configure a site-to-site VPN, in which one FortiGate unit has a static IP address and the other FortiGate unit has a domain name and a dynamic IP address.

The following topics are included in this section:

Dynamic DNS over VPN concepts

DDNS topology

Configuration overview

Dynamic DNS over VPN concepts

A typical computer has a static IP address and one or more DNS servers to resolve fully qualified domain names (FQDN) into IP addresses. A domain name assigned to this computer is resolved by any DNS server having an entry for the domain name and its static IP address. The IP address never changes or changes only rarely so the DNS server can reliably say it has the correct address for that domain all the time.

Dynamic DNS (DDNS)

It is different when a computer has a dynamic IP address, such as an IP address assigned dynamically by a DHCP server, and a domain name. Computers that want to contact this computer do not know what its current IP address is. To solve this problem there are dynamic DNS (DDNS) servers. These are public servers that store a DNS entry for your computer that includes its current IP address and associated domain name. These entries are kept up to date by your computer sending its current IP address to the DDNS server to ensure its entry is always up to date. When other computers want to contact your domain, their DNS gets your IP address from your DDNS server. To use DDNS servers, you must subscribe to them and usually pay for their services.

When configuring DDNS on your FortiGate unit, go to Network > DNS and enable Enable FortiGuard DDNS. Then select the interface with the dynamic connection, which DDNS server you have an account with, your domain name, and account information. If your DDNS server is not on the list, there is a generic option where you can provide your DDNS server information.

Routing

When an interface has some form of changing IP address (DDNS, PPPoE, or DHCP assigned address), routing needs special attention. The standard static route cannot handle the changing IP address. The solution is to use the dynamic-gateway command in the CLI. Say for example you already have four static routes, and you have a PPPoE connection over the wan2 interface and you want to use that as your default route.

The route is configured on the dynamic address VPN peer trying to access the static address FortiGate unit.

Configuring dynamic gateway routing – CLI

config router static edit 5 set dst 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 set dynamic-gateway enable set device wan2

Dynamic DNS over VPN concepts

next

end

For more information on DDNS, see the System Administration handbook chapter.

DDNS over VPN

IPsec VPN expects an IP address for each end of the VPN tunnel. All configuration and communication with that tunnel depends on the IP addresses as reference points. However, when the interface the tunnel is on has DDNS enabled there is no set IP address. The remote end of the VPN tunnel now needs another way to reference your end of the VPN tunnel. This is accomplished using Local ID.

A FortiGate unit that has a domain name and a dynamic IP address can initiate VPN connections anytime. The remote peer can reply to the local FortiGate unit using the source IP address that was sent in the packet header because it is current. Without doing a DNS lookup first, the remote peer runs the risk of the dynamic IP changing before it attempts to connect. To avoid this, the remote peer must perform a DNS lookup for the domain name of to be sure of the dynamic IP address before initiating the connection.

Remote gateway

When configuring the Phase 1 entry for a VPN tunnel, the Remote Gateway determines the addressing method the remote end of the tunnel uses as one of Static IP Address, Dialup User, or Dynamic DNS. There are different fields for each option.

When you select the Dynamic DNS VPN type there is a related field called Dynamic DNS. The Dynamic DNS field is asking for the FQDN of the remote end of the tunnel. It uses this information to look up the IP address of the remote end of the tunnel through the DDNS server associated with that domain name.

Local ID (peer ID)

The Local ID or peer ID can be used to uniquely identify one end of a VPN tunnel. This enables a more secure connection. Also if you have multiple VPN tunnels negotiating, this ensures the proper remote and local ends connect. When you configure it on your end, it is your Local ID. When the remote end connects to you, they see it as your peer ID.

If you are debugging a VPN connection, the Local ID is part of the VPN negotiations. You can use it to help troubleshoot connection problems.

Configuring your Local ID

1. Go to VPN > IPsec Wizard and create the new custom tunnel or go to VPN > IPsec Tunnels and edit an existing tunnel.
2. Edit the Phase 1 Proposal (if it is not available, you may need to click the Convert To Custom Tunnel button).
3. In the Phase 1 Proposal section, enter your Local ID.
4. Select OK.

The default configuration is to accept all local IDs (peer IDs). If you have Local ID set, the remote end of the tunnel must be configured to accept your local ID.

Accepting a specific Peer ID

1. Go to VPN > IPsec Tunnels and create the new custom tunnel or edit an existing tunnel.
2. Edit Authentication (if it is not available, you may need to click the Convert To Custom Tunnel button).
3. Set Mode to Aggressive.
4. For Peer Options, select This peer ID. This option becomes visible only when Aggressive mode is selected.
5. In the Peer ID field, enter the string the other end of the tunnel used for its local ID.
6. Configure the rest of the Phase 1 entry as required.
7. Select OK.

Route-based or policy-based VPN

VPN over dynamic DNS can be configured with either route-based or policy-based VPN settings. Both are valid, but have differences in configuration. Choose the best method based on your requirements. For more information on route-based and policy-based, see IPsec VPN overview on page 27.

Route-based VPN configuration requires two security policies to be configured (one for each direction of traffic) to permit traffic over the VPN virtual interface, and you must also add a static route entry for that VPN interface or the VPN traffic will not reach its destination. See Dynamic DNS configuration on page 115 and Dynamic DNS configuration on page 115.

Policy-based VPN configuration uses more complex and often more IPsec security policies, but does not require a static route entry. It has the benefit of being able to configure multiple policies for handling multiple protocols in different ways, such as more scanning of less secure protocols or guaranteeing a minimum bandwidth for protocols such as VoIP.

DDNS topology

In this scenario, two branch offices each have a FortiGate unit and are connected in a gateway-to-gateway VPN configuration. One FortiGate unit has a domain name (example.com) with a dynamic IP address. See branch_ 2 in the figure below.

Whenever the branch_2 unit connects to the Internet (and possibly also at predefined intervals set by the ISP), the ISP may assign a different IP address to the FortiGate unit. The unit has its domain name registered with a dynamic DNS service. The branch_2 unit checks in with the DDNS server on a regular basis, and that server provides the DNS information for the domain name, updating the IP address from time to time. Remote peers have to locate the branch_2 FortiGate unit through a DNS lookup each time to ensure the address they get is current and correct.

Example dynamic DNS configuration

When a remote peer (such as the branch_1 FortiGate unit above) initiates a connection to example.com, the local DNS server looks up and returns the IP address that matches the domain name example.com. The remote peer uses the retrieved IP address to establish a VPN connection with the branch_2 FortiGate unit.

Assumptions

• You have administrator access to both FortiGate units.
• Both FortiGate units have interfaces named wan1 and internal. (If not, you can use the alias feature to assign these labels as “nicknames” to other interfaces to follow this example.)
• Both FortiGate units have the most recent firmware installed, have been configured for their networks, and are currently passing normal network traffic.
• The branch_2 FortiGate unit has its wan1 interface defined as a dynamic DNS interface with the domain name of com.
• A basic gateway-to-gateway configuration is in place (see Gateway-to-gateway configurations on page 1) except one of the FortiGate units has a static domain name and a dynamic IP address instead of a static IP address.
• The FortiGate unit with the domain name is subscribed to one of the supported dynamic DNS services. Contact one of the services to set up an account. For more information and instructions about how to configure the FortiGate unit to push its dynamic IP address to a dynamic DNS server, see the System Administration handbook chapter.

FortiClient dialup-client configuration

The FortiClient Endpoint Security application is an IPsec VPN client with antivirus, antispam and firewall capabilities. This section explains how to configure dialup VPN connections between a FortiGate unit and one or more FortiClient Endpoint Security applications.

FortiClient users are usually mobile or remote users who need to connect to a private network behind a FortiGate unit. For example, the users might be employees who connect to the office network while traveling or from their homes.

For greatest ease of use, the FortiClient application can download the VPN settings from the FortiGate unit to configure itself automatically.

The following topics are included in this section: Configuration overview

Configuration overview

Dialup users typically obtain dynamic IP addresses from an ISP through Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) or Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE). Then, the FortiClient Endpoint Security application initiates a connection to a FortiGate dialup server.

By default the FortiClient dialup client has the same IP address as the host PC on which it runs. If the host connects directly to the Internet, this is a public IP address. If the host is behind a NAT device, such as a router, the IP address is a private IP address. The NAT device must be NAT traversal (NAT-T) compatible to pass encrypted packets (see Phase 1 parameters on page 46). The FortiClient application also can be configured to use a virtual IP address (VIP). For the duration of the connection, the FortiClient application and the FortiGate unit both use the VIP address as the IP address of the FortiClient dialup client.

The FortiClient application sends its encrypted packets to the VPN remote gateway, which is usually the public interface of the FortiGate unit. It also uses this interface to download VPN settings from the FortiGate unit. See

Example FortiClient dialup-client configuration

Peer identification

The FortiClient application can establish an IPsec tunnel with a FortiGate unit configured to act as a dialup server. When the FortiGate unit acts as a dialup server, it does not identify the client using the Phase 1 remote gateway address. The IPsec tunnel is established if authentication is successful and the IPsec security policy associated with the tunnel permits access. If configured, the FortiGate unit could also require FortiClient registration, that is, the remote user would be required to have FortiClient installed before connection is completed.

Automatic configuration of FortiClient dialup clients

The FortiClient application can obtain its VPN settings from the FortiGate VPN server. FortiClient users need to know only the FortiGate VPN server IP address and their username and password on the FortiGate unit.

The FortiGate unit listens for VPN policy requests from clients on TCP port 8900. When the dialup client connects:

• The client initiates a Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) connection to the FortiGate unit.
• The FortiGate unit requests a user name and password from the FortiClient user. Using these credentials, it authenticates the client and determines which VPN policy applies to the client.
• Provided that authentication is successful, the FortiGate unit downloads a VPN policy to the client over the SSL connection. The information includes IPsec Phase 1 and Phase 2 settings, and the IP addresses of the private networks that the client is authorized to access.
• The client uses the VPN policy settings to establish an IPsec Phase 1 connection and Phase 2 tunnel with the FortiGate unit.

FortiClient-to-FortiGate VPN configuration steps

Configuring dialup client capability for FortiClient dialup clients involves the following general configuration steps:

1. If you will be using VIP addresses to identify dialup clients, determine which VIP addresses to use. As a precaution, consider using VIP addresses that are not commonly used.
2. Configure the FortiGate unit to act as a dialup server. See Configure the FortiGate unit on page 1.
3. If the dialup clients will be configured to obtain VIP addresses through DHCP over IPsec, configure the FortiGate unit to act as a DHCP server or to relay DHCP requests to an external DHCP server.
4. Configure the dialup clients. See Configure the FortiClient Endpoint Security application on page 1.

Using virtual IP addresses

When the FortiClient host PC is located behind a NAT device, unintended IP address overlap issues may arise between the private networks at the two ends of the tunnel. For example, the client’s host might receive a private IP address from a DHCP server on its network that by co-incidence is the same as a private IP address on the network behind the FortiGate unit. A conflict will occur in the host’s routing table and the FortiClient Endpoint Security application will be unable to send traffic through the tunnel. Configuring virtual IP (VIP) addresses for FortiClient applications prevents this problem.

Using VIPs ensures that client IP addresses are in a predictable range. You can then define security policies that allow access only to that source address range. If you do not use VIPs, the security policies must allow all source addresses because you cannot predict the IP address for a remote mobile user.

The FortiClient application must not have the same IP address as any host on the private network behind the FortiGate unit or any other connected FortiClient application. You can ensure this by reserving a range of IP addresses on the private network for FortiClient users. Or, you can assign FortiClient VIPs from an uncommonly used subnet such as 10.254.254.0/24 or 192.168.254.0/24.

You can reserve a VIP address for a particular client according to its device MAC address and type of connection. The DHCP server then always assigns the reserved VIP address to the client. For more information about this feature, see the “dhcp reserved-address” section in the “system” chapter of the FortiGate CLI Reference.

On the host computer, you can find out the VIP address that the FortiClient Endpoint Security application is using. For example, in Windows command prompt, type ipconfig /all

On Linux or Mac OS X, type ifconfig in a terminal window. The output will also show the IP address that has been assigned to the host Network Interface Card (NIC).

It is best to assign VIPs using DHCP over IPsec. The FortiGate dialup server can act as a DHCP server or relay requests to an external DHCP server. You can also configure VIPs manually on FortiClient applications, but it is more difficult to ensure that all clients use unique addresses.

If you assign a VIP on the private network behind the FortiGate unit and enable DHCPIPsec (a Phase 2 advanced option), the FortiGate unit acts as a proxy on the local private network for the FortiClient dialup client. Whenever a host on the network behind the dialup server issues an ARP request for the device MAC address of the FortiClient host, the FortiGate unit answers the ARP request on behalf of the FortiClient host and forwards the associated traffic to the FortiClient host through the tunnel. For more information, see Phase 2 parameters on page 66.

FortiGate units fully support RFC 3456. The FortiGate DHCP over IPsec feature can be enabled to allocate VIP addresses to FortiClient dialup clients using a FortiGate DHCP server.

The figure below shows an example of a FortiClient-to-FortiGate VPN where the FortiClient application is assigned a VIP on an uncommonly used subnet. The diagram also shows that while the destination for the information in the encrypted packets is the private network behind the FortiGate unit, the destination of the IPsec packets themselves is the public interface of the FortiGate unit that acts as the end of the VPN tunnel.

IP address assignments in a FortiClient dialup-client configuration

Assigning VIPs by RADIUS user group

If you use XAuth authentication, you can assign users the virtual IP address stored in the Framed-IP-Address field of their record on the RADIUS server. (See RFC 2865 and RFC 2866 for more information about RADIUS fields.) To do this:

• Set the DHCP server IP Assignment Mode to User-group defined method. This is an Advanced setting. See Configuring a DHCP server on a FortiGate interface on page 135. l Create a new firewall user group and add the RADIUS server to it.
• In your Phase 1 settings, configure the FortiGate unit as an XAuth server and select from User Group the new user group that you created. For more information, see Phase 1 parameters on page 46. l Configure the FortiClient application to use XAuth. See Configuration overview on page 128. FortiClient dialup-client infrastructure requirements
• To support policy-based VPNs, the FortiGate dialup server may operate in either NAT mode or transparent mode. NAT mode is required if you want to create a route-based VPN.
• If the FortiClient dialup clients will be configured to obtain VIP addresses through FortiGate DHCP relay, a DHCP server must be available on the network behind the FortiGate unit and the DHCP server must have a direct route to the FortiGate unit.
• If the FortiGate interface to the private network is not the default gateway, the private network behind the FortiGate unit must be configured to route IP traffic destined for dialup clients back (through an appropriate gateway) to the FortiGate interface to the private network. As an alternative, you can configure the IPsec security policy on the FortiGate unit to perform inbound NAT on IP packets. Inbound NAT translates the source addresses of inbound decrypted packets into the IP address of the FortiGate interface to the local private network.

Configuring the FortiGate unit

Configuring the FortiGate unit to establish VPN connections with FortiClient Endpoint Security users involves the following steps:

• Configure the VPN settings l If the dialup clients use automatic configuration, configure the FortiGate unit as a VPN policy server l If the dialup clients obtain VIP addresses by DHCP over IPsec, configure an IPsec DHCP server or relay

The procedures in this section cover basic setup of policy-based and route-based VPNs compatible with FortiClient Endpoint Security. A route-based VPN is simpler to configure.

To configure FortiGate unit VPN settings to support FortiClient users, you need to:

• Configure the FortiGate Phase 1 VPN settings l Configure the FortiGate Phase 2 VPN settings l Add the security policy

On the local FortiGate unit, define the Phase 1 configuration needed to establish a secure connection with the FortiClient peer. See Phase 1 parameters on page 46.

1. Go to VPN > IPsec Tunnels and create the new custom tunnel or edit an existing tunnel.
2. Edit Network (full configuration options are only available once you click the Convert To Custom Tunnel button).
3. Enter these settings in particular:

4. Edit Authentication and enter the following information:

5. Define the Phase 2 parameters needed to create a VPN tunnel with the FortiClient peer. See Phase 2 parameters on page 66. Enter these settings in particular:

6. Define names for the addresses or address ranges of the private networks that the VPN links. These addresses are used in the security policies that permit communication between the networks. For more information, see Defining policy addresses on page 1.

Enter these settings in particular:

• Define an address name for the individual address or the subnet address that the dialup users access through the VPN.
• If FortiClient users are assigned VIP addresses, define an address name for the subnet to which these VIPs belong.

4. Define security policies to permit communication between the private networks through the VPN tunnel. Routebased and policy-based VPNs require different security policies. For detailed information about creating security policies, see Defining VPN security policies on page 1.

If the security policy, which grants the VPN Connection is limited to certain services, DHCP must be included, otherwise the client won’t be able to retrieve a lease from the FortiGate’s (IPsec) DHCP server, because the DHCP Request (coming out of the tunnel) will be blocked.

Route-based VPN security policies

Define an ACCEPT security policy to permit communications between the source and destination addresses.

1. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and select Create New.
2. Enter these settings in particular:

If you want to allow hosts on the private network to initiate communications with the FortiClient users after the tunnel is established, you need to define a security policy for communication in that direction.

1. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and select Create New.
2. Enter these settings in particular:

Policy-based VPN security policy

Define an IPsec security policy to permit communications between the source and destination addresses.

1. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and select Create New.
2. Enter these settings in particular:

Place VPN policies in the policy list above any other policies having similar source and destination addresses.

Configuring the FortiGate unit as a VPN policy server

When a FortiClient application set to automatic configuration connects to the FortiGate unit, the FortiGate unit requests a user name and password. If the user supplies valid credentials, the FortiGate unit downloads the VPN settings to the FortiClient application.

You must do the following to configure the FortiGate unit to work as a VPN policy server for FortiClient automatic configuration:

1. Create user accounts for FortiClient users.
2. Create a user group for FortiClient users and the user accounts that you created in step 1.
3. Connect to the FortiGate unit CLI and configure VPN policy distribution as follows:

config vpn ipsec forticlient edit <policy_name> set phase2name <tunnel_name> set usergroupname <group_name> set status enable

end

<tunnel_name> must be the Name you specified in the step 2 of Configuration overview on page 128.

<group_name> must be the name of the user group your created for FortiClient users.

Configuring DHCP services on a FortiGate interface

If the FortiClient dialup clients are configured to obtain a VIP address using DHCP, configure the FortiGate dialup server to either:

l Relay DHCP requests to a DHCP server behind the FortiGate unit (see Configuring DHCP relay on a FortiGate interface on page 135 below). l Act as a DHCP server (see Configuring a DHCP server on a FortiGate interface on page 135).

Note that DHCP services are typically configured during the interface creation stage, but you can return to an interface to modify DHCP settings if need be.

Configuring DHCP relay on a FortiGate interface

1. Go to Network > Interfaces and select the interface that you want to relay DHCP.
2. Enable DHCP Server, and create a new DHCP Address Range and Netmask.
3. Open the .. menu and set Mode to Relay.
4. Enter the DHCP Server IP.
5. Select OK.

Configuring a DHCP server on a FortiGate interface

1. Go to Network > Interfaces and select the interface that you want to act as a DHCP server.
2. Enable DHCP Server, and create a new DHCP Address Range and Netmask.
3. Set Default Gateway to Specify, and enter the IP address of the default gateway that the DHCP server assigns to DHCP clients.
4. Set DNS Server to Same as System DNS. If you want to use a different DNS server for VPN clients, select Specify and enter an IP address in the available field.

135

5. Open the .. menu and set Mode to Server.
6. Select OK.

Configure the FortiClient Endpoint Security application

The following procedure explains how to configure the FortiClient Endpoint Security application to communicate with a remote FortiGate dialup server using the VIP address that you specify manually. These procedures are based on FortiClient 5.4.1.

Configuring FortiClient

This procedure explains how to configure the FortiClient application manually using the default IKE and IPsec settings. For more information, refer to the FortiClient Administration Guide.

1. Go to Remote Access and select the Settings
2. Select Add a new connection, set the new VPN connection to IPsec VPN, and complete following information:

3. Select OK.

Adding XAuth authentication

For information about configuring a FortiGate unit as an XAuth server, see Phase 1 parameters on page 46. The following procedure explains how to configure the FortiClient application.

Note that XAuth is not compatible with IKE version 2.

For more information on configuring XAuth authentication, see the FortiClient Administration Guide.

FortiGate dialup-client configurations

This section explains how to set up a FortiGate dialup-client IPsec VPN. In a FortiGate dialup-client configuration, a FortiGate unit with a static IP address acts as a dialup server and a FortiGate unit having a dynamic IP address initiates a VPN tunnel with the FortiGate dialup server.

The following topics are included in this section: Configuration overview

Configuration overview

A dialup client can be a FortiGate unit. The FortiGate dialup client typically obtains a dynamic IP address from an ISP through the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) or Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) before initiating a connection to a FortiGate dialup server.

Example FortiGate dialup-client configuration

In a dialup-client configuration, the FortiGate dialup server does not rely on a Phase 1 remote gateway address to establish an IPsec VPN connection with dialup clients. As long as authentication is successful and the IPsec security policy associated with the tunnel permits access, the tunnel is established.

Several different ways to authenticate dialup clients and restrict access to private networks based on client credentials are available. To authenticate FortiGate dialup clients and help to distinguish them from FortiClient dialup clients when multiple clients will be connecting to the VPN through the same tunnel, best practices dictate that you assign a unique identifier (local ID or peer ID) to each FortiGate dialup client. For more information, see Phase 1 parameters on page 46.

Whenever you add a unique identifier (local ID) to a FortiGate dialup client for identification purposes, you must select Aggressive mode on the FortiGate dialup server and also specify the identifier as a peer ID on the FortiGate dialup server. For more information, see Phase 1 parameters on page 46.

Users behind the FortiGate dialup server cannot initiate the tunnel because the FortiGate dialup client does not have a static IP address. After the tunnel is initiated by users behind the FortiGate dialup client, traffic from the private network behind the FortiGate dialup server can be sent to the private network behind the FortiGate dialup client.

Encrypted packets from the FortiGate dialup client are addressed to the public interface of the dialup server. Encrypted packets from the dialup server are addressed either to the public IP address of the FortiGate dialup client (if the dialup client connects to the Internet directly), or if the FortiGate dialup client is behind a NAT device, encrypted packets from the dialup server are addressed to the public IP address of the NAT device.

If a router with NAT capabilities is in front of the FortiGate dialup client, the router must be NAT-T compatible for encrypted traffic to pass through the NAT device. For more information, see Phase 1 parameters on page 46.

When the FortiGate dialup server decrypts a packet from the FortiGate dialup client, the source address in the IP header may be one of the following values, depending on the configuration of the network at the far end of the tunnel:

• If the FortiGate dialup client connects to the Internet directly, the source address will be the private IP address of a host or server on the network behind the FortiGate dialup client.
• If the FortiGate dialup client is behind a NAT device, the source address will be the public IP address of the NAT device.

In some cases, computers on the private network behind the FortiGate dialup client may (by co-incidence) have IP addresses that are already used by computers on the network behind the FortiGate dialup server. In this type of situation (ambiguous routing), conflicts may occur in one or both of the FortiGate routing tables and traffic destined for the remote network through the tunnel may not be sent.

In many cases, computers on the private network behind the FortiGate dialup client will most likely obtain IP addresses from a local DHCP server behind the FortiGate dialup client. However, unless the local and remote networks use different private network address spaces, unintended ambiguous routing and IP-address overlap issues may arise.

To avoid these issues, you can configure FortiGate DHCP relay on the dialup client instead of using a DHCP server on the network behind the dialup client. The FortiGate dialup client can be configured to relay DHCP requests from the local private network to a DHCP server that resides on the network behind the FortiGate dialup server. You configure the FortiGate dialup client to pass traffic from the local private network to the remote network by enabling FortiGate DHCP relay on the FortiGate dialup client interface that is connected to the local private network.

Afterward, when a computer on the network behind the dialup client broadcasts a DHCP request, the dialup client relays the message through the tunnel to the remote DHCP server. The remote DHCP server responds with a private IP address for the computer. To avoid ambiguous routing and network overlap issues, the IP addresses assigned to computers behind the dialup client cannot match the network address space used by the private network behind the FortiGate dialup server.

Preventing network overlap in a FortiGate dialup-client configuration

When the DHCP server resides on the private network behind the FortiGate dialup server, the IP destination address specified in the IPsec security policy on the FortiGate dialup client must refer to that network.

You must add a static route to the DHCP server FortiGate unit if it is not directly connected to the private network behind the FortiGate dialup server; its IP address does not match the IP address of the private network. Also, the destination address in the IPsec security policy on the FortiGate dialup client must refer to the DHCP server address. The DHCP server must be configured to assign a range of IP addresses different from the DHCP server’s local network, and also different from the private network addresses behind the FortiGate dialup server. See Routing on page 1.

FortiGate dialup-client infrastructure requirements

The requirements are:

• The FortiGate dialup server must have a static public IP address. l NAT mode is required if you want to create a route-based VPN. l The FortiGate dialup server may operate in either NAT mode or transparent mode to support a policy-based VPN.
• Computers on the private network behind the FortiGate dialup client can obtain IP addresses either from a DHCP server behind the FortiGate dialup client, or a DHCP server behind the FortiGate dialup server. l If the DHCP server resides on the network behind the dialup client, the DHCP server must be configured to assign IP addresses that do not match the private network behind the FortiGate dialup server.
• If the DHCP server resides on the network behind the FortiGate dialup server, the DHCP server must be configured to assign IP addresses that do not match the private network behind the FortiGate dialup client.

Configuring the server to accept FortiGate dialup-client connections

The procedures in this section assume that computers on the private network behind the FortiGate dialup client obtain IP addresses from a local DHCP server. The assigned IP addresses do not match the private network behind the FortiGate dialup server.

In situations where IP-address overlap between the local and remote private networks is likely to occur, FortiGate DHCP relay can be configured on the FortiGate dialup client to relay DHCP requests to a DHCP server behind the FortiGate dialup server. For more information, see To configure DHCP relay on a FortiGate interface on page

1.

Configuring dialup client capability for FortiGate dialup clients involves the following general configuration steps:

• Determine which IP addresses to assign to the private network behind the FortiGate dialup client, and add the IP addresses to the DHCP server behind the FortiGate dialup client. Refer to the software supplier’s documentation to configure the DHCP server.
• Configure the FortiGate dialup server. See Configuration overview on page 137. l Configure the FortiGate dialup client. See Configuration overview on page 137.

Before you begin, optionally reserve a unique identifier (peer ID) for the FortiGate dialup client. The dialup client will supply this value to the FortiGate dialup server for authentication purposes during the IPsec Phase 1 exchange. In addition, the value will enable you to distinguish FortiGate dialup-client connections from FortiClient dialup-client connections. The same value must be specified on the dialup server and on the dialup client.

At the FortiGate dialup server, define the Phase 1 parameters needed to authenticate the FortiGate dialup client and establish a secure connection. See Phase 1 parameters on page 46.

1. Go to VPN > IPsec Tunnels and create the new custom tunnel or edit an existing tunnel.
2. Edit Network (full configuration options are only available once you click the Convert To Custom Tunnel button).
3. Enter these settings in particular:

4. Edit Authentication and enter the following information:

5. Define the Phase 2 parameters needed to create a VPN tunnel with the FortiGate dialup client. See Phase 2 parameters on page 66. Enter these settings in particular:

6. Define names for the addresses or address ranges of the private networks that the VPN links. See Defining policy addresses on page 1. Enter these settings in particular: l Define an address name for the server, host, or network behind the FortiGate dialup server. l Define an address name for the private network behind the FortiGate dialup client.
7. Define the security policies to permit communications between the private networks through the VPN tunnel. Route-based and policy-based VPNs require different security policies. For detailed information about creating security policies, see Defining VPN security policies on page 1.

Route-based VPN security policy

Define an ACCEPT security policy to permit communications between hosts on the private network behind the FortiGate dialup client and the private network behind this FortiGate dialup server. Because communication cannot be initiated in the opposite direction, there is only one policy.

1. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and select Create New.
2. Enter these settings in particular:

Policy-based VPN security policy

1. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and select Create New.
2. Enter these settings in particular:

3. To prevent traffic from the local network from initiating the tunnel after the tunnel has been established, you need to disable the outbound VPN traffic in the CLI config firewall policy edit <policy_number> set outbound disable

end

Place the policy in the policy list above any other policies having similar source and destination addresses.

If configuring a route-based policy, configure a default route for VPN traffic on this interface.

Configuring the FortiGate dialup client

At the FortiGate dialup client, define the Phase 1 parameters needed to authenticate the dialup server and establish a secure connection. See Phase 1 parameters on page 46.

1. Go to VPN > IPsec Tunnels and create the new custom tunnel or edit an existing tunnel.
2. Edit Network (full configuration options are only available once you click the Convert To Custom Tunnel button).
3. Enter these settings in particular:

4. Edit Authentication and enter the following information:

5. Edit Phase 1 Proposal and enter the following information:

6. Define the Phase 2 parameters needed to create a VPN tunnel with the dialup server. See Phase 2 parameters on page 66. Enter these settings in particular:

7. Define names for the addresses or address ranges of the private networks that the VPN links. See Defining policy addresses on page 1. Enter these settings in particular: l Define an address name for the server, host, or network behind the FortiGate dialup server. l Define an address name for the private network behind the FortiGate dialup client.
8. Define security policies to permit communication between the private networks through the VPN tunnel. Routebased and policy-based VPNs require different security policies. For detailed information about creating security policies, see Defining VPN security policies on page 1.

Route-based VPN security policy

Define an ACCEPT security policy to permit communications between hosts on the private network behind this FortiGate dialup client and the private network behind the FortiGate dialup server. Because communication cannot be initiated in the opposite direction, there is only one policy.

1. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and select Create New.
2. Enter these settings in particular:

Policy-based VPN security policy

Define an IPsec security policy to permit communications between the source and destination addresses.

1. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and select Create New.
2. Enter these settings in particular:

Place the policy in the policy list above any other policies having similar source and destination addresses.

IPsec dial-up interface sharing

It is possible to use a single interface for all instances that spawn via a given phase1. In this case, instead of creating an interface per instance, all traffic will run over the single interface and any routes that need creating will be created on that single interface.

The CLI option “net-device[enable|disable]” is available in the phase1-interface command sets. Under the new single-interface scheme, instead of relying on routing to guide traffic to the specific instance, all traffic will flow to the specific device and IPsec will need to take care of locating the correct instance for outbound traffic. For this purpose, the CLI option “tunnel-search” is provided. The option is only available when the above “netdevice” option is “disable”.

There are two options for “tunnel-search”, corresponding to the two ways to select the tunnel for outbound traffic. One is “selectors”, meaning selecting a peer using the IPsec selectors (proxy-ids). The other is “nexthop” where all the peers use the same default selectors (0/0) while using some routing protocols such as BGP, OSPF, RIPng, etc to resolve the routing. The default for “tunnel-search” is “selectors”.

Syntax

config vpn ipsec phase1-interface edit xxx set net-device [enable|disable] Enable to create a kernel device for every dialup instance

next

end

config vpn ipsec phase1-interface edit xxx set net-device disable

set tunnel-search [selectors|nexthop] Search for tunnel in selectors or using nexthops

next end

Supporting IKE Mode Config clients

IKE Mode Config is an alternative to DHCP over IPsec. A FortiGate unit can be configured as either an IKE Mode Config server or client. This chapter contains the following sections:

IKE Mode Config overview

Automatic configuration overview

IKE Mode Config method

IKE Mode Config overview

Dialup VPN clients connect to a FortiGate unit that acts as a VPN server, providing the client the necessary configuration information to establish a VPN tunnel. The configuration information typically includes a virtual IP address, netmask, and DNS server address.

IKE Mode Config is available only for VPNs that are route-based, also known as interface-based. A FortiGate unit can function as either an IKE Configuration Method server or client. IKE Mode Config is configurable only in the CLI.

Automatic configuration overview

VPN configuration for remote clients is simpler if it is automated. Several protocols support automatic configuration:

• The Fortinet FortiClient Endpoint Security application can completely configure a VPN connection with a suitably configured FortiGate unit given only the FortiGate unit’s address. This protocol is exclusive to Fortinet. For more information, see FortiClient dialup-client configurations on page 1.
• DHCP over IPsec can assign an IP address, Domain, DNS and WINS addresses. The user must first configure IPsec parameters such as gateway address, encryption and authentication algorithms.
• IKE Mode Config can configure host IP address, Domain, DNS and WINS addresses. The user must first configure IPsec parameters such as gateway address, encryption and authentication algorithms. Several network equipment vendors support IKE Mode Config, which is described in the ISAKMP Configuration Method document draft-dukesike-mode-cfg-02.txt.

This chapter describes how to configure a FortiGate unit as either an IKE Mode Config server or client.

IKE Mode Config method

IKE Mode Config is configured with the CLI command config vpn ipsec phase1-interface. The mode-cfg variable enables IKE Mode Config. The type field determines whether you are creating an IKE Mode Config server or a client. Setting type to dynamic creates a server configuration, otherwise the configuration is a client.

Creating an IKE Mode Config client

If the FortiGate unit will connect as a dialup client to a remote gateway that supports IKE Mode Config, the relevant vpn ipsec phase1-interface variables are as follows:

For a complete list of available variables, see the CLI Reference.

IKE Mode Config client example – CLI

In this example, the FortiGate unit connects to a VPN gateway with a static IP address that can be reached through Port 1. Only the port, gateway and proposal information needs to be configured. All other configuration information will come from the IKE Mode Config server.

config vpn ipsec phase1-interface edit vpn1 set ip-version 4 set type static set remote-gw <gw_address> set interface port 1 set proposal 3des-sha1 aes128-sha1 set mode-cfg enable

set assign-ip enable

end

Creating an IKE Mode Config server

If the FortiGate unit will accept connection requests from dialup clients that support IKE Mode Config, the following vpn ipsec phase1-interface settings are required before any other configuration is attempted:

IKE Mode Config server example – CLI

In this example, the FortiGate unit assigns IKE Mode Config clients addresses in the range of 10.11.101.160 through 10.11.101.180. DNS and WINS server addresses are also provided. The public interface of the FortiGate unit is Port 1.

When IKE Mode-Configuration is enabled, multiple server IPs can be defined in IPsec Phase 1.

The ipv4-split-include variable specifies a firewall address that represents the networks to which the clients will have access. This destination IP address information is sent to the clients.

Only the CLI fields required for IKE Mode Config are shown here. For detailed information about these variables, see the FortiGate CLI Reference.

config vpn ipsec phase1-interface edit “vpn-p1” set type dynamic set interface “wan1” set xauthtype auto set mode aggressive set mode-cfg enable

set proposal 3des-sha1 aes128-sha1 set dpd disable set dhgrp 2

set xauthexpire on-rekey set authusrgrp “FG-Group1” set ipv4-start-ip 10.10.10.10 set ipv4-end-ip 10.10.10.20 set ipv4-dns-server1 1.1.1.1 set ipv4-dns-server2 2.2.2.2 set ipv4-dns-server3 3.3.3.3 set ipv4-wins-server1 4.4.4.4 set ipv4-wins-server2 5.5.5.5 set domain “fgt1c-domain” set banner “fgt111C-banner”

set backup-gateway “100.100.100.1” “host1.com” “host2” set ipv4-split-include OfficeLAN

end

IP address assignment

After you have enabled the basic configuration, you can configure IP address assignment for clients, as well as DNS and WINS server assignment. Usually you will want to assign IP addresses to clients.

The simplest method to assign IP addresses to clients is to assign addresses from a specific range, similar to a DHCP server.

If your clients are authenticated by a RADIUS server, you can obtain the user’s IP address assignment from the Framed-IP-Address attribute. The user must be authenticated using XAuth.

IKE Mode Config can also use a remote DHCP server to assign the client IP addresses. Up to eight addresses can be selected for either IPv4 or IPv6. After the DHCP proxy has been configured, the assign-ip-from command is used to assign IP addresses via DHCP.

Assigning IP addresses from an address range – CLI

If your VPN uses IPv4 addresses,

config vpn ipsec phase1-interface edit vpn1 set mode-cfg-ipversion 4 set assign-ip enable set assign-ip-type ip set assign-ip-from range set ipv4-start-ip <range_start> set ipv4-end-ip <range_end> set ipv4-netmask <netmask>

end

If your VPN uses IPv6 addresses,

config vpn ipsec phase1-interface edit vpn1 set mode-cfg-ipversion 6 set assign-ip enable set assign-ip-type ip set assign-ip-from range set ipv6-start-ip <range_start> set ipv6-end-ip <range_end> end

Assigning IP addresses from a RADIUS server – CLI

The users must be authenticated by a RADIUS server and assigned to the FortiGate user group <grpname>.

Since the IP address will not be static, type is set to dynamic, and mode-cfg is enabled. This is IKE

Configuration Method so that compatible clients can configure themselves with settings that the FortiGate unit provides.

config vpn ipsec phase1-interface edit vpn1 set type dynamic set mode-cfg enable set assign-ip enable set assign-ip-from usrgrp set xauthtype auto set authusrgrp <grpname>

end

Assigning IP address from DHCP – CLI

The DHCP proxy must first be enabled for IKE Mode Config to use DHCP to assign the VPN client IP address(es).

config system settings set dhcp-proxy enable set dhcp-server-ip [ipv4 address] set dhcp6-server-ip [ipv6-address]

(Up to eight server addresses can be configured) end

config vpn ipsec phase1-interface edit vpn1 set mode-cfg enable set assign-ip-from dhcp

next

end

Assigning IP address from a named firewall address/group – CLI

config vpn ipsec phase1-interface edit <name>vpn1 set type dynamic set assign-ip-from name set ipv4-name <name> set ipv6-name <name>

next

end

Certificate groups

IKE certificate groups consisting of up to four RSA certificates can be used in IKE Phase 1. Since CA and local certificates are global, the IKE daemon loads them once for all VDOMs and indexes them into trees based on subject and public key hash (for CA certificates), or certificate name (for local certicates). Certifcates are linked together based on the issuer, and certificate chains are built by traversing these links. This reduces the need to keep multiple copies of certificates that could exist in multiple chains.

IKE certificate groups can be configured through the CLI.

Configuring the IKE local ID – CLI

config vpn certificate local edit <name> set ike-localid <string> set ike-localid-type {asnldn | fqdn}

end

Split-exclude in IKEv1 mode-cfg

This feature allows the administrator to specify when using IKEv1 Configuration Method that default traffic flows over the IPsec tunnel except for specified subnets. This is the opposite of the supported split-include feature which allows the administrator to specify that default traffic should not flow over the IPsec tunnel except for specified subnets.

The split-include and split-exclude options can both be specified at the same time. Whether a client does the right thing when both are specified depends on the client.

Syntax

config vpn ipsec {phase1 | phase1-interface} edit <name> set ike-version 1 set type dynamic set mode-cfg enable set ipv4-split-exclude {all | none | address} set ipv6-split-exclude {all | none | address}

next end

Internet-browsing configuration

This section explains how to support secure web browsing performed by dialup VPN clients, and/or hosts behind a remote VPN peer. Remote users can access the private network behind the local FortiGate unit and browse the Internet securely. All traffic generated remotely is subject to the security policy that controls traffic on the private network behind the local FortiGate unit.

The following topics are included in this section:

Configuration overview

Routing all remote traffic through the VPN tunnel

Configuration overview

A VPN provides secure access to a private network behind the FortiGate unit. You can also enable VPN clients to access the Internet securely. The FortiGate unit inspects and processes all traffic between the VPN clients and hosts on the Internet according to the Internet browsing policy. This is accomplished even though the same FortiGate interface is used for both encrypted VPN client traffic and unencrypted Internet traffic.

In the figure below, FortiGate_1 enables secure Internet browsing for FortiClient Endpoint Security users such as Dialup_1 and users on the Site_2 network behind FortiGate_2, which could be a VPN peer or a dialup client.

Example Internet-browsing configuration

You can adapt any of the following configurations to provide secure Internet browsing:

• A gateway-to-gateway configuration (see Gateway-to-gateway configurations on page 1) l A FortiClient dialup-client configuration (see FortiClient dialup-client configurations on page 1) l A FortiGate dialup-client configuration (see FortiGate dialup-client configurations on page 1)

The procedures in this section assume that one of these configurations is in place, and that it is operating properly.

To create an internet-browsing configuration based on an existing gateway-to-gateway configuration, you must edit the gateway-to-gateway configuration as follows:

• On the FortiGate unit that will provide Internet access, create an Internet browsing security policy. See Configuration overview on page 151, below. l Configure the remote peer or client to route all traffic through the VPN tunnel. You can do this on a FortiGate unit or on a FortiClient Endpoint Security application. See Configuration overview on page 151.

Creating an Internet browsing security policy

On the FortiGate unit that acts as a VPN server and will provide secure access to the Internet, you must create an Internet browsing security policy. This policy differs depending on whether your gateway-to-gateway configuration is policy-based or route-based.

Creating an Internet browsing policy – policy-based VPN

1. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and select Create New.
2. Enter the following information and then select OK:

Creating an Internet browsing policy – route-based VPN

1. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and select Create New.
2. Enter the following information and then select OK:

Internet-browsing configuration                                                          Routing all remote traffic through the VPN tunnel

The VPN clients must be configured to route all Internet traffic through the VPN tunnel.

Routing all remote traffic through the VPN tunnel

To make use of the Internet browsing configuration on the VPN server, the VPN peer or client must route all traffic through the VPN tunnel. Usually, only the traffic destined for the private network behind the FortiGate VPN server is sent through the tunnel.

The remote end of the VPN can be a FortiGate unit that acts as a peer in a gateway-to-gateway configuration, or a FortiClient application that protects an individual client PC.

• To configure a remote peer FortiGate unit for Internet browsing via VPN, see Configuring a FortiGate remote peer to support Internet browsing on page 153.
• To configure a FortiClient Endpoint Security application for Internet browsing via VPN, see Configuring a FortiClient application to support Internet browsing on page 154.

These procedures assume that your VPN connection to the protected private network is working and that you have configured the FortiGate VPN server for Internet browsing as described in Configuration overview on page 151.

Configuring a FortiGate remote peer to support Internet browsing

The configuration changes to send all traffic through the VPN differ for policy-based and route-based VPNs.

Routing all traffic through a policy-based VPN

1. At the FortiGate dialup client, go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy.
2. Select the IPsec security policy and then select Edit.
3. From the Destination Address list, select all.
4. Select OK.

Packets are routed through the VPN tunnel, not just those destined for the protected private network.

Routing all traffic through a route-based VPN

1. At the FortiGate dialup client, go to Network > Static Routes.
2. Select the default route (destination IP 0.0.0.0) and then select Edit. If there is no default route, select Create New. Enter the following information and select OK:

All packets are routed through the VPN tunnel, not just packets destined for the protected private network.

Configuring a FortiClient application to support Internet browsing

By default, the FortiClient application configures the PC so that traffic destined for the remote protected network passes through the VPN tunnel but all other traffic is sent to the default gateway. You need to modify the FortiClient settings so that it configures the PC to route all outbound traffic through the VPN.

Routing all traffic through VPN – FortiClient application

1. At the remote host, start FortiClient.
2. Go to Remote Access.
3. Select the definition that connects FortiClient to the FortiGate dialup server, select the Settings icon, and select Edit the selected connection.
4. In the Edit VPN Connection dialog box, select Advanced Settings.
5. In the Remote Network group, select Add.
6. In the IP and Subnet Mask fields, type 0.0.0/0.0.0.0 and select OK.

The address is added to the Remote Network list. The first destination IP address in the list establishes a VPN tunnel. The second destination address (0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0 in this case) forces all other traffic through the VPN tunnel.

7. Select OK.

Use Aggregate IPSEC interfaces to streamline static routes, policy and efficiency on your IPSEC tunnels that are going from location to location!

Redundant VPN configurations

This section discusses the options for supporting redundant and partially redundant IPsec VPNs, using routebased approaches.

The following topics are included in this section:

Configuration overview

IPsec VPN tunnel aggregate interfaces

Configuration overview

A FortiGate unit with two interfaces connected to the Internet can be configured to support redundant VPNs to the same remote peer. If the primary connection fails, the FortiGate unit can establish a VPN using the other connection.

Redundant tunnels do not support Tunnel Mode or manual keys. You must use Interface Mode.

A fully-redundant configuration requires redundant connections to the Internet on both peers. The figure below shows an example of this. This is useful to create a reliable connection between two FortiGate units with static IP addresses.

When only one peer has redundant connections, the configuration is partially-redundant. For an example of this, see Configuration overview on page 155. This is useful to provide reliable service from a FortiGate unit with static IP addresses that accepts connections from dialup IPsec VPN clients.

In a fully-redundant VPN configuration with two interfaces on each peer, four distinct paths are possible for VPN traffic from end to end. Each interface on a peer can communicate with both interfaces on the other peer. This ensures that a VPN will be available as long as each peer has one working connection to the Internet.

You configure a VPN and an entry in the routing table for each of the four paths. All of these VPNs are ready to carry data. You set different routing distances for each route and only the shortest distance route is used. If this route fails, the route with the next shortest distance is used.

The redundant configurations described in this chapter use route-based VPNs, otherwise known as virtual IPsec interfaces. This means that the FortiGate unit must operate in NAT mode. You must use auto-keying. A VPN that is created using manual keys cannot be included in a redundant-tunnel configuration.

The configuration described here assumes that your redundant VPNs are essentially equal in cost and capability. When the original VPN returns to service, traffic continues to use the replacement VPN until the replacement VPN fails. If your redundant VPN uses more expensive facilities, you want to use it only as a backup while the main VPN is down. For information on how to do this, see Configuration overview on page 155.

Example redundant-tunnel configuration

A VPN that is created using manual keys cannot be included in a redundant-tunnel configuration.

General configuration steps

A redundant configuration at each VPN peer includes:

• One Phase 1 configuration (virtual IPsec interface) for each path between the two peers. In a fully-meshed redundant configuration, each network interface on one peer can communicate with each network interface on the remote peer. If both peers have two public interfaces, this means that each peer has four paths, for example.
• One Phase 2 definition for each Phase 1 configuration. l One static route for each IPsec interface, with different distance values to prioritize the routes. l Two Accept security policies per IPsec interface, one for each direction of traffic. l Dead peer detection enabled in each Phase 1 definition.

The procedures in this section assume that two separate interfaces to the Internet are available on each VPN peer.

Configuring the VPN peers – route-based VPN

VPN peers are configured using Interface Mode for redundant tunnels.

Configure each VPN peer as follows:

1. Ensure that the interfaces used in the VPN have static IP addresses.
2. Create a Phase 1 configuration for each of the paths between the peers.
3. Enable dead peer detection so that one of the other paths is activated if this path fails.
4. Enter these settings in particular, and any other VPN settings as required:

Path 1

Path 2

Path 3

Path 4

For more information, see Phase 1 parameters on page 46.

Configuration overview

5. Create a Phase 2 definition for each path. See Phase 2 parameters on page 66. Select the Phase 1 configuration (virtual IPsec interface) that you defined for this path. You can select the name from the Static IP Address part of the list.
6. Create a route for each path to the other peer. If there are two ports on each peer, there are four possible paths between the peer devices.

7. Define the security policy for the local primary interface. See Defining VPN security policies on page 1. You need to create two policies for each path to enable communication in both directions. Enter these settings in particular:

8. Select Create New, leave the Policy Type as Firewall and leave the Policy Subtype as Address, and enter these settings:

9. Place the policy in the policy list above any other policies having similar source and destination addresses.
10. Repeat this procedure at the remote FortiGate unit.

Creating a backup IPsec interface

You can configure a route-based VPN that acts as a backup facility to another VPN. It is used only while your main VPN is out of service. This is desirable when the redundant VPN uses a more expensive facility.

You can configure a backup IPsec interface only in the CLI. The backup feature works only on interfaces with static addresses that have dead peer detection enabled. The monitor option creates a backup VPN for the specified Phase 1 configuration.

In the following example, backup_vpn is a backup for main_vpn.

config vpn ipsec phase1-interface edit main_vpn set dpd on set interface port1 set nattraversal enable set psksecret “hard-to-guess” set remote-gw 192.168.10.8 set type static

end edit backup_vpn set dpd on set interface port2 set monitor main_vpn set nattraversal enable set psksecret “hard-to-guess” set remote-gw 192.168.10.8 set type static

end

IPsec VPN tunnel aggregate interfaces

This feature allows per-packet routing decisions to be made over two or more IPsec tunnel interfaces, which is usually configured to allow WAN connections to terminate at a data center so that redundancy and load-sharing can be built into this new interface.

The new virtual interface can bond/aggregate IPsec devices and have the new device do round-robin distribution, among other algorithms.

Syntax

config vpn ipsec phase1-interface edit <name> set interface wan1 set gateway …

… next edit <name> set interface wan2 set gateway …

…

next

end

config vpn ipsec phase2-interface

IPsec VPN tunnel aggregate interfaces

… end config system interface edit ipsec-bond

set type tun-agg set member isp1 isp2

next

end config router static edit <value>

set dst <address> set device ipsec-bond

next end

Transparent mode VPNs

This section describes transparent VPN configurations, in which two FortiGate units create a VPN tunnel between two separate private networks transparently.

The following topics are included in this section: Configuration overview

Configuration overview

In transparent mode, all interfaces of the FortiGate unit except the management interface (which by default is assigned IP address 10.10.10.1/255.255.255.0) are invisible at the network layer. Typically, when a FortiGate unit runs in transparent mode, different network segments are connected to the FortiGate interfaces. The figure below shows the management station on the same subnet. The management station can connect to the FortiGate unit directly through the web-based manager.

Management station on internal network

An edge router typically provides a public connection to the Internet and one interface of the FortiGate unit is connected to the router. If the FortiGate unit is managed from an external address (see the figure below), the router must translate (NAT) a routable address to direct management traffic to the FortiGate management interface.

Management station on external network

In a transparent VPN configuration, two FortiGate units create a VPN tunnel between two separate private networks transparently. All traffic between the two networks is encrypted and protected by FortiGate security policies.

Both FortiGate units may be running in transparent mode, or one could be running in transparent mode and the other running in NAT mode. If the remote peer is running in NAT mode, it must have a static public IP address.

VPNs between two FortiGate units running in transparent mode do not support inbound/outbound NAT (supported through CLI commands) within the tunnel. In addition, a FortiGate unit running in transparent mode cannot be used in a hub-andspoke configuration.

Encrypted packets from the remote VPN peer are addressed to the management interface of the local FortiGate unit. If the local FortiGate unit can reach the VPN peer locally, a static route to the VPN peer must be added to the routing table on the local FortiGate unit. If the VPN peer connects through the Internet, encrypted packets from the local FortiGate unit must be routed to the edge router instead. For information about how to add a static route to the FortiGate routing table, see the Advanced Routing Guide.

In the example configuration shown above, Network Address Translation (NAT) is enabled on the router. When an encrypted packet from the remote VPN peer arrives at the router through the Internet, the router performs inbound NAT and forwards the packet to the FortiGate unit. Refer to the software supplier’s documentation to configure the router.

If you want to configure a VPN between two FortiGate units running in transparent mode, each unit must have an independent connection to a router that acts as a gateway to the Internet, and both units must be on separate networks that have a different address space. When the two networks linked by the VPN tunnel have different address spaces (see the figure below), at least one router must separate the two FortiGate units, unless the packets can be redirected using ICMP (as shown in the following figure).

Link between two FortiGate units in transparent mode

In the figure below, interface C behind the router is the default gateway for both FortiGate units. Packets that cannot be delivered on Network_1 are routed to interface C by default. Similarly, packets that cannot be delivered on Network_2 are routed to interface C. In this case, the router must be configured to redirect packets destined for Network_1 to interface A and redirect packets destined for Network_2 to interface B.

ICMP redirecting packets to two FortiGate units in transparent mode

If there are additional routers behind the FortiGate unit (see the figure below) and the destination IP address of an inbound packet is on a network behind one of those routers, the FortiGate routing table must include routes to those networks. For example, in the following figure, the FortiGate unit must be configured with static routes to interfaces A and B in order to forward packets to Network_1 and Network_2 respectively.

Destinations on remote networks behind internal routers

Transparent VPN infrastructure requirements

• The local FortiGate unit must be operating in transparent mode.
• The management IP address of the local FortiGate unit specifies the local VPN gateway. The management IP address is considered a static IP address for the local VPN peer.
• If the local FortiGate unit is managed through the Internet, or if the VPN peer connects through the Internet, the edge router must be configured to perform inbound NAT and forward management traffic and/or encrypted packets to the FortiGate unit.
• If the remote peer is operating in NAT mode, it must have a static public IP address.

A FortiGate unit operating in transparent mode requires the following basic configuration to operate as a node on the IP network:

• The unit must have sufficient routing information to reach the management station.
• For any traffic to reach external destinations, a default static route to an edge router that forwards packets to the Internet must be present in the FortiGate routing table.
• When all of the destinations are located on the external network, the FortiGate unit may route packets using a single default static route. If the network topology is more complex, one or more static routes in addition to the default static route may be required in the FortiGate routing table.

Only policy-based VPN configurations are possible in transparent mode.

Before you begin

An IPsec VPN definition links a gateway with a tunnel and an IPsec policy. If your network topology includes more than one virtual domain, you must choose components that were created in the same virtual domain. Therefore, before you define a transparent VPN configuration, choose an appropriate virtual domain in which to create the required interfaces, security policies, and VPN components. For more information, see the Virtual Domains guide.

Configuring the VPN peers

1. The local VPN peer need to operate in transparent mode.

To determine if your FortiGate unit is in transparent mode, go to the Dashboard > System Information widget. Select [change]. Select transparent for the Operation Mode. Two new fields will appear to enter the Management IP/Netmask, and the Default Gateway.

In transparent mode, the FortiGate unit is invisible to the network. All of its interfaces are on the same subnet and share the same IP address. You only have to configure a management IP address so that you can make configuration changes.

The remote VPN peer may operate in NAT mode or transparent mode.

2. At the local FortiGate unit, define the Phase 1 parameters needed to establish a secure connection with the remote peer. See Phase 1 parameters on page 46. Select Advanced and enter these settings in particular:

3. Define the Phase 2 parameters needed to create a VPN tunnel with the remote peer. See Phase 2 parameters on page 66. Select the set of Phase 1 parameters that you defined for the remote peer. The name of the remote peer can be selected from the Static IP Address
4. Define the source and destination addresses of the IP packets that are to be transported through the VPN tunnel.

See Defining VPN security policies on page 1. Enter these settings in particular:

• For the originating address (source address), enter the IP address and netmask of the private network behind the local peer network. for the management interface, for example, 10.10.0/24. This address needs to be a range to allow traffic from your network through the tunnel. Optionally select any for this address.
• For the remote address (destination address), enter the IP address and netmask of the private network behind the remote peer (for example, 168.10.0/24). If the remote peer is a FortiGate unit running in transparent mode, enter the IP address of the remote management interface instead.

5. Define an IPsec security policy to permit communications between the source and destination addresses. See Defining VPN security policies on page 1. Enter these settings in particular:

6. Place the policy in the policy list above any other policies having similar source and destination addresses.
7. Define another IPsec security policy to permit communications between the source and destination addresses in the opposite direction. This security policy and the previous one form a bi-directional policy pair. See Defining VPN security policies on page 1. Enter these settings in particular:

8. Repeat this procedure at the remote FortiGate unit to create bidirectional security policies. Use the local interface and address information local to the remote FortiGate unit.

For more information on transparent mode, see the System Administration Guide.